Question 1

Discuss the different steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.​

Accepted Answer

Steroids derived from cholesterol in animals include five families of hormones (the androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) and bile acids. Androgens, such as testosterone, and estrogens, such as estradiol, mediate the development of sexual characteristics and sexual function in animals. The progestins such as progesterone participate in control of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, for example) participate in the control of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, whereas the mineralocorticoids regulate salt (Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^-) balances in tissues. The bile acids (including cholic and deoxycholic acid) are detergent molecules secreted in bile from the gallbladder that assist in the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine.

Question 2

Plant sterols are:

Accepted Answer

A)  so similar to cholesterol that they undergo the same physiology and metabolism. 
B)  different isomers of cholesterol at the double bond location only. 
C)  to be avoided in your diet because they elevate blood cholesterol levels. 
D)  highly effective in blocking the absorption of cholesterol by intestinal cells. 
E)  none are true. 
A)  so similar to cholesterol that they undergo the same physiology and metabolism. 
B)  different isomers of cholesterol at the double bond location only. 
C)  to be avoided in your diet because they elevate blood cholesterol levels. 
D)  highly effective in blocking the absorption of cholesterol by intestinal cells. 
E)  none are true. D

Question 3

Which of the following steroid hormones is NOT correctly defined?

Accepted Answer

A)  testosterone: an androgen involved in male sexual development 
B)  progesterone: a progestin that controls the menstrual cycle. 
C)  cortisol: a glucocorticoid that controls nutrient metabolism 
D)  estradiol: a progestin involved in female sexual development 
E)  all are correctly defined 
A)  testosterone: an androgen involved in male sexual development 
B)  progesterone: a progestin that controls the menstrual cycle. 
C)  cortisol: a glucocorticoid that controls nutrient metabolism 
D)  estradiol: a progestin involved in female sexual development 
E)  all are correctly defined D

Question 4

Which of the following bonds would be cleaved by phospholipase C?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  none of the above 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  none of the above

Question 5

Alkali hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is called ____ and yields ____ and ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  triacylation; fatty acids; glycerol 
B)  saponification; fatty alcohols; fatty acids 
C)  triesteration; salts of fatty acids, fatty alcohols 
D)  saponification; salts of fatty acids; glycerol 
E)  none are true 
A)  triacylation; fatty acids; glycerol 
B)  saponification; fatty alcohols; fatty acids 
C)  triesteration; salts of fatty acids, fatty alcohols 
D)  saponification; salts of fatty acids; glycerol 
E)  none are true

Question 6

Cholesterol is a component of all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  lipoproteins. 
B)  plant cell plasma membranes. 
C)  membranes of intracellular organelles. 
D)  animal cell membranes. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  lipoproteins. 
B)  plant cell plasma membranes. 
C)  membranes of intracellular organelles. 
D)  animal cell membranes. 
E)  all are true.

Question 7

All are plant steroids EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  campesterol. 
B)  stigmasterol. 
C)  β-sitosterol. 
D)  cortisol. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  campesterol. 
B)  stigmasterol. 
C)  β-sitosterol. 
D)  cortisol. 
E)  all are true.

Question 8

Platelet activating factor (PAF) has all of the characteristics EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  PAF is a potential mediator in inflammation, allergic responses and shock. 
B)  PAF is a sphingolipid. 
C)  PAF has a beneficial effect on toxic-shock syndrome. 
D)  PAF is involved in implantation of the egg in the uterine wall. 
E)  PAF stimulates production of fetal lung surfactant. 
A)  PAF is a potential mediator in inflammation, allergic responses and shock. 
B)  PAF is a sphingolipid. 
C)  PAF has a beneficial effect on toxic-shock syndrome. 
D)  PAF is involved in implantation of the egg in the uterine wall. 
E)  PAF stimulates production of fetal lung surfactant.

Question 9

Glycerolphospholipids are all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  also called sphingolipids. 
B)  essential components of cell membranes. 
C)  made up of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphate group. 
D)  members of the phospholipids. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  also called sphingolipids. 
B)  essential components of cell membranes. 
C)  made up of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphate group. 
D)  members of the phospholipids. 
E)  all are true.

Question 10

All of the following are terpenes EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  squalene. 
B)  α-tocopherol (vitamin 
E) . 
C)  coenzyme Q (UQ). 
D)  limonene. 
E)  cetyl palmitate (spermaceti). 
A)  squalene. 
B)  α-tocopherol (vitamin 
E) . 
C)  coenzyme Q (UQ). 
D)  limonene. 
E)  cetyl palmitate (spermaceti).

Question 11

Membranes with unsaturated fatty acids in their components are more flexible and fluid because:

Accepted Answer

A)  Unsaturated fatty acids pack closely together to form ordered arrays. 
B)  Unsaturated fatty acids bend at the double bond preventing close packing. 
C)  Saturated fatty acids have a "kink" that produces more fluid aggregates. 
D)  Unsaturated fatty acids have cis double bonds that prevent formation of the "kink." 
E)  All of the above are correct. 
A)  Unsaturated fatty acids pack closely together to form ordered arrays. 
B)  Unsaturated fatty acids bend at the double bond preventing close packing. 
C)  Saturated fatty acids have a "kink" that produces more fluid aggregates. 
D)  Unsaturated fatty acids have cis double bonds that prevent formation of the "kink." 
E)  All of the above are correct.

Question 12

Discuss the biological significance of terpenes.​

Accepted Answer

The triterpenes (C₃₀ terpenes) include squ

Question 13

Which of the following would be considered an ω-3 fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  linoleic acid: 9,12-octadecadieneoic acid (18:2Δ9,12) 
B)  eicosapentaenoic acid: 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) 
C)  γ-linolenic acid: 6,9,12-octadecatrieneoic acid (18:3Δ6,9,12) 
D)  arachidonic acid: 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14) 
E)  none of the above 
A)  linoleic acid: 9,12-octadecadieneoic acid (18:2Δ9,12) 
B)  eicosapentaenoic acid: 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) 
C)  γ-linolenic acid: 6,9,12-octadecatrieneoic acid (18:3Δ6,9,12) 
D)  arachidonic acid: 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14) 
E)  none of the above

Question 14

The terpenes are all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  made up of isoprene monomers. 
B)  formed from two or more 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene molecules. 
C)  components of wool wax. 
D)  monomers units linked head to tail. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  made up of isoprene monomers. 
B)  formed from two or more 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene molecules. 
C)  components of wool wax. 
D)  monomers units linked head to tail. 
E)  all are true.

Question 15

Fatty acids are all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  either saturated or unsaturated. 
B)  found seldom in free form. 
C)  mostly found with an even number of carbons. 
D)  found in linear, branched and cyclic forms. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  either saturated or unsaturated. 
B)  found seldom in free form. 
C)  mostly found with an even number of carbons. 
D)  found in linear, branched and cyclic forms. 
E)  all are true.

Question 16

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

A)  phospholipase A1 
B)  phospholipase A2 
C)  phospholipase B 
D)  phospholipase C 
E)  phospholipase D 
A)  phospholipase A1 
B)  phospholipase A2 
C)  phospholipase B 
D)  phospholipase C 
E)  phospholipase D

Question 17

The reaction below is catalyzed by:

Accepted Answer

A)  desmolase. 
B)  17α-hydroxylase. 
C)  17,20-lyase. 
D)  17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 
E)  none of the above are true. 
A)  desmolase. 
B)  17α-hydroxylase. 
C)  17,20-lyase. 
D)  17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 
E)  none of the above are true.

Question 18

Of the following, which would contain the largest amount of fatty acids with trans double bonds?

Accepted Answer

A)  the fatty acid on carbon #1 of the glycerol of phosphatidylcholine 
B)  butter 
C)  canola oil 
D)  the 2 lb, 99 cent package of cookies containing partially hydrogenated cottonseed and/or soybean oil that you consumed with 3 (or more) cups of coffee while studying last night (or early this morning) 
E)  none of the above would have very much trans-double bond containing fatty acids 
A)  the fatty acid on carbon #1 of the glycerol of phosphatidylcholine 
B)  butter 
C)  canola oil 
D)  the 2 lb, 99 cent package of cookies containing partially hydrogenated cottonseed and/or soybean oil that you consumed with 3 (or more) cups of coffee while studying last night (or early this morning) 
E)  none of the above would have very much trans-double bond containing fatty acids

Question 19

Discuss ether glycerophospholipids.​

Accepted Answer

Ether glycerophospholipids possess an et

Question 20

In most cases, glycerol phosphatides have ____ fatty acid at position 1 and ____ fatty acid at position 2 of the glycerol.

Accepted Answer

A)  a saturated; a saturated 
B)  a saturated; an unsaturated 
C)  an unsaturated; a saturated 
D)  an unsaturated; an unsaturated 
E)  none are true. 
A)  a saturated; a saturated 
B)  a saturated; an unsaturated 
C)  an unsaturated; a saturated 
D)  an unsaturated; an unsaturated 
E)  none are true.

Exam 8: Lipids

Discuss the different steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.​

Plant sterols are:

Which of the following steroid hormones is NOT correctly defined?

Which of the following bonds would be cleaved by phospholipase C?

Alkali hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is called ____ and yields ____ and ____.

Cholesterol is a component of all EXCEPT:

All are plant steroids EXCEPT:

Platelet activating factor (PAF) has all of the characteristics EXCEPT:

Glycerolphospholipids are all EXCEPT:

All of the following are terpenes EXCEPT:

Membranes with unsaturated fatty acids in their components are more flexible and fluid because:

Discuss the biological significance of terpenes.​

Which of the following would be considered an ω-3 fatty acid?

The terpenes are all EXCEPT:

Fatty acids are all EXCEPT:

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids?

The reaction below is catalyzed by:

Of the following, which would contain the largest amount of fatty acids with trans double bonds?

Discuss ether glycerophospholipids.​

In most cases, glycerol phosphatides have ____ fatty acid at position 1 and ____ fatty acid at position 2 of the glycerol.

The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena

Water: the Medium of Life

Thermodynamics of Biological Systems

Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond

Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions

Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure

Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces

Membranes and Membrane Transport

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Recombinant Dna, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology

Enzymeskinetics and Specificity

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

Enzyme Regulation

Molecular Motors

Metabolism: an Overview

Glycolysis

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Lipid Biosynthesis

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism

Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization

Dna Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair

Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression

Protein Synthesis

Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation

The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information

Filters

Discuss the different steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.

Alkali hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is called and yields and .

Discuss the biological significance of terpenes.

Discuss ether glycerophospholipids.

In most cases, glycerol phosphatides have fatty acid at position 1 and fatty acid at position 2 of the glycerol.