Question 1

Which of the following is not used for susceptibility testing of antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

A) Kirby-Bauer method 
B) Phenol coefficient 
C) E test 
D) Disk diffusion method 
A) Kirby-Bauer method 
B) Phenol coefficient 
C) E test 
D) Disk diffusion method B

Question 2

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: The hospital is a place where resistance can develop rapidly because there is a high concentration of bacteria and small amounts of antibiotics are constantly used.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

Resistance to Methicillin developed rapidly because

Accepted Answer

A) It was overprescribed 
B) It was used inappropriately 
C) Bacteria can synthesize this compound 
D) It was never used in hospital settings 
E) It was not destroyed by ?-lactamase 
A) It was overprescribed 
B) It was used inappropriately 
C) Bacteria can synthesize this compound 
D) It was never used in hospital settings 
E) It was not destroyed by ?-lactamase A

Question 4

Which type of antibiotic resistance occurs when the shape of the ribosome is changed?

Accepted Answer

A) Drug inactivation 
B) Target modification 
C) Efflux pumping 
D) Alternate pathway 
A) Drug inactivation 
B) Target modification 
C) Efflux pumping 
D) Alternate pathway

Question 5

The process used to generate thousands of drugs daily with the aid of computer programs is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) High-throughput screening 
B) Bioinformatics 
C) Combinatorial chemistry 
D) Genome sequencing 
E) Mechanism-based screening 
A) High-throughput screening 
B) Bioinformatics 
C) Combinatorial chemistry 
D) Genome sequencing 
E) Mechanism-based screening

Question 6

Resistance to _____ requires five separate genes to alter peptidoglycan to an insensitive form.

Accepted Answer

A) Methicillin 
B) Tetracycline 
C) Erythromycin 
D) Vancomycin 
E) Penicillin 
A) Methicillin 
B) Tetracycline 
C) Erythromycin 
D) Vancomycin 
E) Penicillin

Question 7

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Bacterial efflux pumps can generate antibiotic resistance because they can function to clear bacteria of antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A) The more an antibiotic is prescribed, the more rapidly resistance to that antibiotic develops 
B) Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are likely to develop in the hospital 
C) Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections and do not alleviate symptoms 
D) The superinfection effect is a consequence of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics 
E) Misuse of antibiotics can perturb the balance of normal flora in the body 
A) The more an antibiotic is prescribed, the more rapidly resistance to that antibiotic develops 
B) Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are likely to develop in the hospital 
C) Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections and do not alleviate symptoms 
D) The superinfection effect is a consequence of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics 
E) Misuse of antibiotics can perturb the balance of normal flora in the body

Question 9

Which type of resistance occurs when one metabolic pathway is blocked and others are used?

Accepted Answer

A) Drug inactivation 
B) Target modification 
C) Efflux pumping 
D) Alternate pathway 
A) Drug inactivation 
B) Target modification 
C) Efflux pumping 
D) Alternate pathway

Question 10

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an efflux pump?

Accepted Answer

A) They are encoded by genes carried on plasmids 
B) Some are energy-independent 
C) They are embedded in the plasma membrane of Gram-positive cells 
D) Some operate using a counter-exchange of antibiotic for cations 
E) The genes encoding efflux pumps can be transferred to other bacteria 
A) They are encoded by genes carried on plasmids 
B) Some are energy-independent 
C) They are embedded in the plasma membrane of Gram-positive cells 
D) Some operate using a counter-exchange of antibiotic for cations 
E) The genes encoding efflux pumps can be transferred to other bacteria

Question 11

Which of the following is not a contributory factor to the development of drug resistance?

Accepted Answer

A) Non-compliance with prescribed drug regimen 
B) Underprescription of drugs needed to treat infections 
C) Overprescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics 
D) Lack of stringency when following aseptic practices in health care facilities 
E) Incorporating antibiotics into animal feed 
A) Non-compliance with prescribed drug regimen 
B) Underprescription of drugs needed to treat infections 
C) Overprescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics 
D) Lack of stringency when following aseptic practices in health care facilities 
E) Incorporating antibiotics into animal feed

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Escherichia coli O157:H7 decreases the production of porin to decrease membrane permeability and thus block antibiotic uptake 
B) The expression of the Tet A gene is regulated 
C) Pseudomonas increases the production of porin to facilitate the exportation of antibiotics 
D) Antibiotic target modification to escape antibiotic activity is successful only if the target retains its ability to function 
E) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS
A)  organisms have imported the mecA gene, which encodes a modified penicillin-binding protein (PBP) that is insensitive to penicillin antibiotics 
A) Escherichia coli O157:H7 decreases the production of porin to decrease membrane permeability and thus block antibiotic uptake 
B) The expression of the Tet A gene is regulated 
C) Pseudomonas increases the production of porin to facilitate the exportation of antibiotics 
D) Antibiotic target modification to escape antibiotic activity is successful only if the target retains its ability to function 
E) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRS
A)  organisms have imported the mecA gene, which encodes a modified penicillin-binding protein (PBP) that is insensitive to penicillin antibiotics

Question 13

Explain why ?-lactamase is expressed only after the cell wall has begun its degradation by penicillin in Escherichia coli.

Accepted Answer

The AmpC gene carried by E.coli is an in

Question 14

Antibiotic resistance by drug inactivation is when

Accepted Answer

A) Specialized proteins are activated 
B) One metabolic pathway is blocked and another is used 
C) Porins and membrane channel proteins are not produced 
D) An enzyme cleaves a portion of the antibiotic 
A) Specialized proteins are activated 
B) One metabolic pathway is blocked and another is used 
C) Porins and membrane channel proteins are not produced 
D) An enzyme cleaves a portion of the antibiotic

Question 15

Why is selective toxicity particularly problematic when developing antimicrobials to treat viral infections?

Accepted Answer

Viruses are obligate intracellular paras

Question 16

Which of the following is not an example of an auto-protective mechanism used by microbes producing antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

A) Using a transmembrane pump to export newly synthesized antibiotics 
B) Co-expressing genes for membrane-bound protein export pumps and antibiotic production 
C) Altering the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit 
D) Producing antibody only during the log phase of growth 
E) Synthesizing a precursor form of the antibiotic that is activated only after it has been exported by the microbe 
A) Using a transmembrane pump to export newly synthesized antibiotics 
B) Co-expressing genes for membrane-bound protein export pumps and antibiotic production 
C) Altering the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit 
D) Producing antibody only during the log phase of growth 
E) Synthesizing a precursor form of the antibiotic that is activated only after it has been exported by the microbe

Question 17

Describe the test used to determine whether an antimicrobial agent is microbicidal.

Accepted Answer

The broth dilution test is used to deter

Question 18

By incorporating antibiotics into animal feed,farmers

Accepted Answer

A) Increase the weight gains of their livestock and can create antibiotic resistant microbes 
B) Extend the period cattle spend in feedlots 
C) Prevent viral diseases in their herds 
D) Reduce the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease in their livestock 
A) Increase the weight gains of their livestock and can create antibiotic resistant microbes 
B) Extend the period cattle spend in feedlots 
C) Prevent viral diseases in their herds 
D) Reduce the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease in their livestock

Question 19

Antibiotic resistance by reduced membrane permeability occurs when

Accepted Answer

A) Specialized proteins are activated 
B) One metabolic pathway is blocked and another is used 
C) Porins and membrane channel proteins are not produced 
D) An enzyme cleaves a portion of the antibiotic 
A) Specialized proteins are activated 
B) One metabolic pathway is blocked and another is used 
C) Porins and membrane channel proteins are not produced 
D) An enzyme cleaves a portion of the antibiotic

Question 20

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because antibiotics are not effective against viruses,taking the antibiotic a doctor prescribes for a viral infection does nothing to relieve symptoms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 20: Antibiotic Resistance

Which of the following is not used for susceptibility testing of antibiotics?

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: The hospital is a place where resistance can develop rapidly because there is a high concentration of bacteria and small amounts of antibiotics are constantly used.

Resistance to Methicillin developed rapidly because

Which type of antibiotic resistance occurs when the shape of the ribosome is changed?

The process used to generate thousands of drugs daily with the aid of computer programs is referred to as

Resistance to _____ requires five separate genes to alter peptidoglycan to an insensitive form.

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Bacterial efflux pumps can generate antibiotic resistance because they can function to clear bacteria of antibiotics.

Which of the following statements is false?

Which type of resistance occurs when one metabolic pathway is blocked and others are used?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an efflux pump?

Which of the following is not a contributory factor to the development of drug resistance?

Which of the following statements is false?

Explain why ?-lactamase is expressed only after the cell wall has begun its degradation by penicillin in Escherichia coli.

Antibiotic resistance by drug inactivation is when

Why is selective toxicity particularly problematic when developing antimicrobials to treat viral infections?

Which of the following is not an example of an auto-protective mechanism used by microbes producing antibiotics?

Describe the test used to determine whether an antimicrobial agent is microbicidal.

By incorporating antibiotics into animal feed,farmers

Antibiotic resistance by reduced membrane permeability occurs when

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because antibiotics are not effective against viruses,taking the antibiotic a doctor prescribes for a viral infection does nothing to relieve symptoms.

What is Microbiology and Why Does it Matter?

Fundamental Chemistry for Microbiology

Essentials of Metabolism

An Introduction to Cell Structure and Host-Pathogen Relationships

Requirements for Infection

Transmission of Infection, the Compromised Host, Epidemiology, and Diagnosing Infections

Principles of Disease

Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease

The Clinical Significance of Bacterial Anatomy

Bacterial Growth

Microbial Genetics and Infectious Disease

The Structure and Infection Cycle of Viruses

Viral Infection

Parasitic and Fungal Infections

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Failures of the Immune Response

Control of Microbial Growth with Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Drugs

Infections of the Respiratory System

Infections of the Digestive System

Infections of the Genitourinary System

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Infections of the Blood and Lymph

Infections of the Skin and Eyes

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