Question 1

Factors that determine the pathogenicity and increase the virulence of organisms include all the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  An organism's ability to avoid phagocytosis 
B)  An organism's ability to produce exotoxins and extracellular enzymes 
C)  An organism's ability to produce infection when host conditions change 
D)  An organism's ability to survive intracellularly when phagocytized 
A)  An organism's ability to avoid phagocytosis 
B)  An organism's ability to produce exotoxins and extracellular enzymes 
C)  An organism's ability to produce infection when host conditions change 
D)  An organism's ability to survive intracellularly when phagocytized

Question 2

Pathogens can be transmitted through all the following routes EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Ingestion 
B)  Handwashing 
C)  Sexual contact 
D)  Air 
A)  Ingestion 
B)  Handwashing 
C)  Sexual contact 
D)  Air

Question 3

The classic example of a bite-wound infection is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Rabies 
B)  S. aureus 
C)  Plague 
D)  Ebola 
A)  Rabies 
B)  S. aureus 
C)  Plague 
D)  Ebola

Question 4

Healthy skin secretes these substances to help prevent colonization by transient and possibly pathogenic organisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  Long-chain fatty acids 
B)  Sebaceous glands 
C)  Bacteriostatic substances 
D)  Antibodies 
A)  Long-chain fatty acids 
B)  Sebaceous glands 
C)  Bacteriostatic substances 
D)  Antibodies

Question 5

This process results in enhanced phagocytosis by neutrophils.

Accepted Answer

A)  Opsonization 
B)  Chemotaxis 
C)  Digestion 
D)  Glycolysis 
A)  Opsonization 
B)  Chemotaxis 
C)  Digestion 
D)  Glycolysis

Question 6

Mechanisms used by the skin to prevent infection and protect the underlying tissue from invasion by potential pathogens include all the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Desquamation of the epithelium 
B)  Excretion of lysozyme by sweat glands 
C)  Antibiotics that inhibit many microorganisms 
D)  Mechanical separation of microorganisms from the tissues 
A)  Desquamation of the epithelium 
B)  Excretion of lysozyme by sweat glands 
C)  Antibiotics that inhibit many microorganisms 
D)  Mechanical separation of microorganisms from the tissues

Question 7

The resulting disease from this route of transmission is a disease of animals that is transmitted to humans.

Accepted Answer

A)  Sexual contact 
B)  Zoonotic 
C)  Airborne 
D)  Ingestion 
A)  Sexual contact 
B)  Zoonotic 
C)  Airborne 
D)  Ingestion

Question 8

A patient with an indwelling catheter develops a fever and lethargy.In addition,the urine in the catheter bag has turned a brownish color and is foul-smelling,which indicates an infection.What type of infection does this describe?

Accepted Answer

A)  Opportunistic 
B)  Iatrogenic 
C)  Pathogenic 
D)  Parasitic 
A)  Opportunistic 
B)  Iatrogenic 
C)  Pathogenic 
D)  Parasitic

Question 9

Changes in these host structures can result in lower virulence of a microorganism.

Accepted Answer

A)  Pili 
B)  Adhesin receptors 
C)  Surface polysaccharides 
D)  Phagocytes 
A)  Pili 
B)  Adhesin receptors 
C)  Surface polysaccharides 
D)  Phagocytes

Question 10

What virus causes immune suppression in the host by targeting and destroying the host's CD4+ T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  HIV 
B)  Hepatitis B 
C)  Epstein-Barr 
D)  Cytomegalovirus 
A)  HIV 
B)  Hepatitis B 
C)  Epstein-Barr 
D)  Cytomegalovirus

Question 11

The major constituents of the adaptive or specific immune response are:

Accepted Answer

A)  Neutrophils 
B)  Macrophages 
C)  Monocytes 
D)  Lymphocytes 
A)  Neutrophils 
B)  Macrophages 
C)  Monocytes 
D)  Lymphocytes

Question 12

During the childbearing years,the normal florae of the vagina maintain a low pH,thus encouraging colonization with all the following types of organisms EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Lactobacilli 
B)  Gram-negative rods 
C)  Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli 
D)  Gram-positive cocci 
A)  Lactobacilli 
B)  Gram-negative rods 
C)  Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli 
D)  Gram-positive cocci

Question 13

Lysozyme is:

Accepted Answer

A)  An antibody produced by the skin 
B)  A low-molecular-weight enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls 
C)  An exotoxin that digests the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial cell wall 
D)  A radical similar to hydrogen peroxide 
A)  An antibody produced by the skin 
B)  A low-molecular-weight enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls 
C)  An exotoxin that digests the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial cell wall 
D)  A radical similar to hydrogen peroxide

Question 14

A physician notices that several patients are infected with Clostridium difficile,but only a few of the patients are symptomatic for disease.The reason for this discrepancy is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Only those strains of the organism carrying the extrachromosomal DNA coding for the toxin gene will produce toxin and cause the individuals to be symptomatic. 
B)  Only those strains of the organism carrying DNA coding for the toxin within its main DNA molecule will produce toxin and cause the individuals to be symptomatic. 
C)  The exotoxin produced contains only the nontoxic portion. 
D)  The exotoxin must be produced in conjunction with extracellular enzymes to cause problems. 
A)  Only those strains of the organism carrying the extrachromosomal DNA coding for the toxin gene will produce toxin and cause the individuals to be symptomatic. 
B)  Only those strains of the organism carrying DNA coding for the toxin within its main DNA molecule will produce toxin and cause the individuals to be symptomatic. 
C)  The exotoxin produced contains only the nontoxic portion. 
D)  The exotoxin must be produced in conjunction with extracellular enzymes to cause problems.

Question 15

After attachment to host cells,a pathogen uses all the following mechanisms to establish itself and cause disease EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Uses lactoferrin for iron 
B)  Produces an IgA protease that degrades the IgA at mucosal surfaces 
C)  Produces lysozyme to kill the host cell 
D)  Circumvents host antibodies by shifting key cell-surface antigens 
A)  Uses lactoferrin for iron 
B)  Produces an IgA protease that degrades the IgA at mucosal surfaces 
C)  Produces lysozyme to kill the host cell 
D)  Circumvents host antibodies by shifting key cell-surface antigens

Question 16

This type of bacteria is able to live in the colon with little to no oxygen and is the predominant organism.

Accepted Answer

A)  Anaerobes 
B)  Facultative anaerobes 
C)  Facultative gram-negative rods 
D)  Gram-positive cocci 
A)  Anaerobes 
B)  Facultative anaerobes 
C)  Facultative gram-negative rods 
D)  Gram-positive cocci

Question 17

All the following are considered pathogenic organisms found in the nasopharynx of healthy individuals EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Haemophilus influenzae 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Moraxella catarrhalis 
D)  Neisseria meningitidis 
A)  Haemophilus influenzae 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Moraxella catarrhalis 
D)  Neisseria meningitidis

Question 18

Parasitism is:

Accepted Answer

A)  A biologic relationship between two or more organisms in which both benefit from one another 
B)  A biologic relationship between only two organisms in which there are no beneficial or harmful effects to the host 
C)  A biologic relationship in which one species gains benefits at the expense of the host 
D)  A synonym for mutualism 
A)  A biologic relationship between two or more organisms in which both benefit from one another 
B)  A biologic relationship between only two organisms in which there are no beneficial or harmful effects to the host 
C)  A biologic relationship in which one species gains benefits at the expense of the host 
D)  A synonym for mutualism

Question 19

Diabetics may sometimes be infected with their own resident florae.This type of infection is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  An opportunistic infection 
B)  A carrier state 
C)  Symbiosis 
D)  A parasitic infection 
A)  An opportunistic infection 
B)  A carrier state 
C)  Symbiosis 
D)  A parasitic infection

Question 20

Innate immunity consists of all the following components EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Physical and chemical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes 
B)  Blood proteins that act as mediators of infection 
C)  Secretion of bacteriocidal substances onto the skin and mucous membranes 
D)  A cellular mechanism capable of phagocytosis 
E)  All of the above are part of the innate immune system 
A)  Physical and chemical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes 
B)  Blood proteins that act as mediators of infection 
C)  Secretion of bacteriocidal substances onto the skin and mucous membranes 
D)  A cellular mechanism capable of phagocytosis 
E)  All of the above are part of the innate immune system

Exam 2: Host-Parasite Interaction

Factors that determine the pathogenicity and increase the virulence of organisms include all the following EXCEPT:

Pathogens can be transmitted through all the following routes EXCEPT:

The classic example of a bite-wound infection is:

Healthy skin secretes these substances to help prevent colonization by transient and possibly pathogenic organisms.

This process results in enhanced phagocytosis by neutrophils.

Mechanisms used by the skin to prevent infection and protect the underlying tissue from invasion by potential pathogens include all the following EXCEPT:

The resulting disease from this route of transmission is a disease of animals that is transmitted to humans.

A patient with an indwelling catheter develops a fever and lethargy.In addition,the urine in the catheter bag has turned a brownish color and is foul-smelling,which indicates an infection.What type of infection does this describe?

Changes in these host structures can result in lower virulence of a microorganism.

What virus causes immune suppression in the host by targeting and destroying the host's CD4+ T cells?

The major constituents of the adaptive or specific immune response are:

During the childbearing years,the normal florae of the vagina maintain a low pH,thus encouraging colonization with all the following types of organisms EXCEPT:

Lysozyme is:

A physician notices that several patients are infected with Clostridium difficile,but only a few of the patients are symptomatic for disease.The reason for this discrepancy is:

After attachment to host cells,a pathogen uses all the following mechanisms to establish itself and cause disease EXCEPT:

This type of bacteria is able to live in the colon with little to no oxygen and is the predominant organism.

All the following are considered pathogenic organisms found in the nasopharynx of healthy individuals EXCEPT:

Parasitism is:

Diabetics may sometimes be infected with their own resident florae.This type of infection is called:

Innate immunity consists of all the following components EXCEPT:

Bacterial Cell Structure, physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Infected Materials

Use of Colonial Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio,aeromonas,plesiomonas and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

Spirochetes

Chlamydia and Rickettsia

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Other Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

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