Exam 5: Consciousness

In the terms "positive reinforcement" and "negative reinforcement", the words "positive" and "negative" mean pleasant and unpleasant, respectively.

Kayla is helping her professor conduct an observational learning study in which the model is either similar or dissimilar to the participant. In this study, the similarity of the model to the participant is a(n) _____ variable.

The focus of classical and operant conditioning is on _____. The focus of the cognitive learning approach is on _____.

Making specific reference to such terms as US, CS, UR, CR, and stimulus generalization, explain how classical conditioning may account for the development of a specific phobia.

Negative reinforcement:

Pavlov championed the use of introspection in psychology.

Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement, and between positive and negative punishment. Provide an example of each of these four types of consequence from your own experience.

Higher order conditioning involves an association between:

Molly's dog no longer sits when Molly says, "Sit!" because Molly no longer feeds the animal table scraps when it obeys. The dog sits, though, when Molly's sister visits one evening and says "Sit!" Molly's dog is demonstrating:

Marisol becomes sick after eating clams. Thereafter, scallops and mussels also make her nauseous, but shrimp and lobster do not. Marisol's reaction illustrates both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

When Cliff suddenly realizes the solution to a brainteaser, he is demonstrating latent learning.

Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _____ is to the _____.

In a study cited in the textbook, Schedlowski asked participants to drink green, lavender-scented strawberry milk. Half the participants took an immunosuppressive drug along with the milk. The remainder took a placebo pill. Five days later, and then again 11 days later, all participants took a placebo pill with the milk. Both times, Schedlowski measured the immune responses of all participants. In this study, the green milk is a(n) _____, whereas the immunosuppressive drug is a(n) ______.

Which term BEST describes the correlation a researcher is likely to find between the extent to which stimulus generalization is observed and the similarity between the original CS and the new one?

Salary is to commission as _____ is to _____.

Several friends "like" Pearl's Facebook status update. These "likes" act as _____ reinforcers maintaining Pearl's behavior of posting status updates.

Because a bright flash of light automatically causes one to blink, it is a conditioned stimulus.

Which scenario describes extinction?

_____ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

_____ is a form of learning in which an organism responds less strongly to an event following repeated exposures to it.