Exam 5: Consciousness

Positive punishment is:

Behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule are more resistant to extinction than are behaviors reinforced on an intermittent schedule.

To which process in perception is the concept of habituation in learning MOST similar?

Playing a slot machine is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Partial reinforcement is sometimes called intermittent reinforcement.

People blink automatically when a beam of light is shone directly at the eye. A researcher pairs a soft tone with a beam of light. After a number of these pairings, her participants blink when they hear the tone, even when the light is not presented. Identify the neutral stimulus, the US, and the CS in this scenario, as well as the UR and CR.Explain your answers.

When behavior reemerges following extinction, _____ has occurred.

Approximately _____% of American parents use corporal punishment to discipline their young children.

Conditioning principles have been applied successfully in advertising.In an effective advertisement, the product or service being promoted is usually a(n):

In variable-ratio reinforcement:

A bright light causes people to blink reflexively. In this instance, blinking is a conditioned response.

Contemporary psychologists agree that cognitive processes contribute to learning in an essential way.

A probation officer is using positive punishment when she fines a client $100 for missing an appointment.

In a study cited in the textbook, Schedlowski asked participants to drink green, lavender-scented strawberry milk. Half the participants took an immunosuppressive drug along with the milk. The remainder took a placebo pill. Five days later, and then again 11 days later, all participants took a placebo pill with the milk. Both times, Schedlowski measured the immune responses of all participants. In this study, immunosuppressive drug-vs.-placebo is the _____ variable.

In Pavlov's study, the bell is both a neutral and a conditioned stimulus.

The concept of extinction applies to both classical and operant conditioning.

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

Operant conditioning is based on associations between stimuli.

In research described in the text (O'Donnell, et al., 2010), Australian scientists are trying to help save the endangered northern quoll. Since the work is focused on changing real-world outcomes, it is called _____ research.

Marco is training his dog to sit. Initially, he gives the dog a biscuit each time the dog sits on command. Later, he gives the dog a biscuit every fourth time the dog sits on command. Marco has replaced a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement with a(n) _____ schedule.