Exam 5: Consciousness

Recall Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze. What was the critical result?

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a day off, because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates:

The mere sight of a needle is enough to make Aimee wince, as if in pain. Even being in a hospital or clinic is enough to make her squirm, probably because these settings are associated with needles. This example BEST illustrates:

What is the reason that Tolman's latent learning results pose a problem for strict, Skinnerian views of learning?

The addition of a pleasant stimulus following a target behavior is called _____ reinforcement.

Imitation is to consequences as _____ is to _____.

Pavlov focused on the conditioning of voluntary behavior.

Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrance is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little. The perfume's fragrance is a(n) _____. The scent of honeysuckle elicits a similar response through the process of stimulus ____.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are BEST thought of as _____ stimuli.

Negative reinforcement is the same thing as punishment.

Which type of consequence is correctly matched with an example?

Psychologists working in the area of cognition and learning:

_____ is credited for laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Which pair below incorrectly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

In a study cited in the textbook, Schedlowski asked participants to drink green, lavender-scented strawberry milk. Half the participants took an immunosuppressive drug along with the milk. The remainder took a placebo pill. Five days later, and then again 11 days later, all participants took a placebo pill with the milk. Both times, Schedlowski measured the immune responses of all participants. In this study, the group initially receiving the immunosuppressive drug was called the _____ group.

Compared to behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule, behaviors reinforced on partial schedules are _____ resistant to extinction.

How do latent and observational learning force a reconsideration of the view of learning offered by classical and operant conditioning theorists? Explain the research behind both phenomena.

Thorndike introduced the term "reinforcement" to psychology.

Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study would be considered unethical by today's standards.

Positive reinforcement occurs when: