Exam 5: Consciousness

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. During conditioning, the assistant deliberately manipulates the interval between the sound of the bell and the presentation of food. After conditioning, he measures how much the dog salivates when the bell is presented alone. The interval is the _____ variable. The amount of salivation is the _____ variable.

Gorn (1982) showed participants pictures of different-colored pens. Some pen colors were paired with pleasant music; others were paired with unpleasant music. As a free gift, participants were more likely to choose the pen colors associated with pleasant music than the pen colors associated with unpleasant music. Which choice correctly identifies the CS and the CR, respectively, in this study?

A person doesn't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time he holds a door for the person behind him, just most of the time. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) _____ schedule.

Which consequence is correctly matched with an example of it?

Operant conditioning applies to _____ and involves associations between _____.

Ivan Pavlov is associated with the study of classical conditioning. This means that he studied how:

One can teach a chicken to play baseball.

Dr. Ruiz asserts that the only truly scientific psychology is a psychology based on concrete, observable behavior. Dr. Ruiz's view resembles that of the influential psychologist:

In _____, something unpleasant follows an unwanted behavior.

Effie no longer eats egg salad sandwiches-some time ago, she found herself vomiting after consuming a sandwich in which the mayonnaise must have spoiled. Which alternative below correctly identifies the stimulus in this situation?

In the first phase of the classical conditioning process:

Operant conditioning is associated with _____ and _____.

Which statement is correctly matched with its consequence?

Sergio changes his Facebook profile picture. A friend comments with a smiley-face emoticon. The emoticon offers Sergio _____ reinforcement for changing his profile picture.

Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study supported the idea that fear is innate.

Operant conditioning involves forming associations between:

Which set contains a discrepant element?

Skinner's students Keller and Marian Breiland found that animals tend to revert to behaviors consistent with their instincts, a(n) _____ conditioning phenomenon called _____.

Classical conditioning applies to _____ and involves associations between _____.

Psychologists define _____ as a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.