Question 1

TN $\alpha$ prevents the proper activity of IRS-1 triggering resistance to what hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  norepinephrine 
B)  glucagon 
C)  leptin 
D)  insulin 
E)  all of the above 
A)  norepinephrine 
B)  glucagon 
C)  leptin 
D)  insulin 
E)  all of the above D

Question 2

Which of the following is a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

A)  cortisol 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  ghrelin 
D)  cyclic AMP 
E)  none of the above 
A)  cortisol 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  ghrelin 
D)  cyclic AMP 
E)  none of the above D

Question 3

Which of the following is the most common type of diabetes in the US?

Accepted Answer

A)  type 1 
B)  type 2 resulting from a genetic defect in the insulin receptor 
C)  type 2 without a genetic defect in the insulin receptor 
D)  type 3 
E)  all of the above are about equal in prevalence 
A)  type 1 
B)  type 2 resulting from a genetic defect in the insulin receptor 
C)  type 2 without a genetic defect in the insulin receptor 
D)  type 3 
E)  all of the above are about equal in prevalence C

Question 4

The synthesis of what liver enzyme is inhibited by the drug metformin, an activator of AMPK?

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphofructokinase 
B)  glycogen phosphorylase 
C)  acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
D)  pyruvate carboxylase 
E)  glucose-6-phosphatase 
A)  phosphofructokinase 
B)  glycogen phosphorylase 
C)  acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
D)  pyruvate carboxylase 
E)  glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 5

Under anaerobic conditions, _____ is produced in the muscle and is then used by the liver for _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  glycerol; triacylglycerol synthesis 
B)  lactate; gluconeogenesis 
C)  citrate; fatty acid synthesis 
D)  oxaloacetate; gluconeogenesis 
E)  glycogen; glycogenolysis 
A)  glycerol; triacylglycerol synthesis 
B)  lactate; gluconeogenesis 
C)  citrate; fatty acid synthesis 
D)  oxaloacetate; gluconeogenesis 
E)  glycogen; glycogenolysis

Question 6

Cancer cells require increased activity of ___ which is achieved by the inhibition of ___.

Accepted Answer

the pentose phosphat

Question 7

What organelle is found in much higher amounts in brown adipose tissue than white adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondria 
B)  lysosome 
C)  endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  chloroplast 
E)  none of the above 
A)  mitochondria 
B)  lysosome 
C)  endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  chloroplast 
E)  none of the above

Question 8

In cancerous cells, glucose is often converted into ___which is important for ___.

Accepted Answer

glycine, n

Question 9

Which of the following aspects of brown adipose tissue is responsible for its ability to generate heat?

Accepted Answer

A)  brown adipose tissue contains many small fat droplets instead of one large globule 
B)  blood flow to brown adipose tissue is larger than to white adipose tissue 
C)  brown adipose tissue has receptors for norepinephrine 
D)  the uncoupling protein allows fatty acid oxidation without ATP production 
E)  none of the above 
A)  brown adipose tissue contains many small fat droplets instead of one large globule 
B)  blood flow to brown adipose tissue is larger than to white adipose tissue 
C)  brown adipose tissue has receptors for norepinephrine 
D)  the uncoupling protein allows fatty acid oxidation without ATP production 
E)  none of the above

Question 10

What happens to excess glucose in the eye that causes diabetics to develop cataracts?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidized to glucuronic acid causing aggregation of lens proteins 
B)  reduced to sorbitol causing aggregation of lens proteins 
C)  non-enzymatic glycosylation of lens proteins 
D)  oxidized and cyclized to a lactone causing modification of lens proteins 
E)  none of the above 
A)  oxidized to glucuronic acid causing aggregation of lens proteins 
B)  reduced to sorbitol causing aggregation of lens proteins 
C)  non-enzymatic glycosylation of lens proteins 
D)  oxidized and cyclized to a lactone causing modification of lens proteins 
E)  none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is an activator of glycogen synthase?

Accepted Answer

A)  AMP 
B)  UDP-glucose 
C)  cAMP-dependent protein kinase 
D)  glucose-6-phosphate 
E)  all of the above 
A)  AMP 
B)  UDP-glucose 
C)  cAMP-dependent protein kinase 
D)  glucose-6-phosphate 
E)  all of the above

Question 12

Glycogen phosphorylase has its greatest activity when _____; glycogen synthase has its greatest activity when _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorylated; not phosphorylated 
B)  phosphorylated; phosphorylated 
C)  not phosphorylated; phosphorylated 
D)  not phosphorylated; not phosphorylated 
E)  neither enzyme is controlled by phosphorylation 
A)  phosphorylated; not phosphorylated 
B)  phosphorylated; phosphorylated 
C)  not phosphorylated; phosphorylated 
D)  not phosphorylated; not phosphorylated 
E)  neither enzyme is controlled by phosphorylation

Question 13

What hormone is most likely responsible for the body weight set-point?

Accepted Answer

A)  adiponectin 
B)  cholecystokinin 
C)  leptin 
D)  ghrelin 
E)  all of the above 
A)  adiponectin 
B)  cholecystokinin 
C)  leptin 
D)  ghrelin 
E)  all of the above

Question 14

The effect of epinephrine upon the liver is most similar to which of the following hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin 
B)  glucagon 
C)  leptin 
D)  resistin 
E)  ghrelin 
A)  insulin 
B)  glucagon 
C)  leptin 
D)  resistin 
E)  ghrelin

Question 15

Cancer cells express a variant form of pyruvate kinase that has increased activity compared to that of normal cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

The  $\alpha$  cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _____ in response to _____ glucose levels.

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin; high 
B)  insulin; low 
C)  glucagon; high 
D)  glucagon; low 
E)  epinephrine; low 
A)  insulin; high 
B)  insulin; low 
C)  glucagon; high 
D)  glucagon; low 
E)  epinephrine; low

Question 17

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  tyrosine kinase receptor 
B)  G-protein coupled receptor 
C)  serine/threonine phosphatase receptor 
D)  nuclear receptor 
E)  MAP kinase coupled receptor 
A)  tyrosine kinase receptor 
B)  G-protein coupled receptor 
C)  serine/threonine phosphatase receptor 
D)  nuclear receptor 
E)  MAP kinase coupled receptor

Question 18

Glutamine, a source of nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis, is also converted to aspartate, another source of nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis. This conversion requires glutamate dehydrogenase and several enzymes of the citric acid cycle.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

How does insulin cause an increase in the rate of glucose transport into cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  binds to the glucose transporter causing a conformational change resulting in greater transport velocity 
B)  activates Na/K ATPase to increase glucose active transport 
C)  recruits glucose transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane 
D)  activates an insulin-dependent porin that allows for rapid glucose transport 
E)  all of the above 
A)  binds to the glucose transporter causing a conformational change resulting in greater transport velocity 
B)  activates Na/K ATPase to increase glucose active transport 
C)  recruits glucose transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane 
D)  activates an insulin-dependent porin that allows for rapid glucose transport 
E)  all of the above

Question 20

In the liver, activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase occurs when levels of _____ are elevated, resulting in the activation of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  AMP; acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
B)  ADP; phosphofructokinase-2 
C)  ATP; glycogen phosphorylase 
D)  AMP; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
E)  ADP; lactate dehydrogenase 
A)  AMP; acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
B)  ADP; phosphofructokinase-2 
C)  ATP; glycogen phosphorylase 
D)  AMP; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 
E)  ADP; lactate dehydrogenase

Exam 19: Regulation of Mammalian Fuel Metabolism

TN α\alphaα prevents the proper activity of IRS-1 triggering resistance to what hormone?

Which of the following is a second messenger?

Which of the following is the most common type of diabetes in the US?

The synthesis of what liver enzyme is inhibited by the drug metformin, an activator of AMPK?

Under anaerobic conditions, _____ is produced in the muscle and is then used by the liver for _____.

Cancer cells require increased activity of ___ which is achieved by the inhibition of ___.

What organelle is found in much higher amounts in brown adipose tissue than white adipose tissue?

In cancerous cells, glucose is often converted into ___which is important for ___.

Which of the following aspects of brown adipose tissue is responsible for its ability to generate heat?

What happens to excess glucose in the eye that causes diabetics to develop cataracts?

Which of the following is an activator of glycogen synthase?

Glycogen phosphorylase has its greatest activity when _____; glycogen synthase has its greatest activity when _____.

What hormone is most likely responsible for the body weight set-point?

The effect of epinephrine upon the liver is most similar to which of the following hormones?

Cancer cells express a variant form of pyruvate kinase that has increased activity compared to that of normal cells.

The α\alphaα cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _____ in response to _____ glucose levels.

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

Glutamine, a source of nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis, is also converted to aspartate, another source of nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis. This conversion requires glutamate dehydrogenase and several enzymes of the citric acid cycle.

How does insulin cause an increase in the rate of glucose transport into cells?

In the liver, activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase occurs when levels of _____ are elevated, resulting in the activation of _____.

The Chemical Basis of Life

Aqueous Chemistry

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

Protein Structure

Protein Function

How Enzymes Work

Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition

Lipids and Membranes

Membrane Transport

Signaling

Carbohydrates

Metabolism and Bioenergetics

Glucose Metabolism

The Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Lipid Metabolism

Nitrogen Metabolism

DNA Replication and Repair

Transcription and RNA

Protein Synthesis

Filters

TN $\alpha$ prevents the proper activity of IRS-1 triggering resistance to what hormone?

Under anaerobic conditions, _ is produced in the muscle and is then used by the liver for _.

Cancer cells require increased activity of _ which is achieved by the inhibition of _.

In cancerous cells, glucose is often converted into _which is important for _.

Glycogen phosphorylase has its greatest activity when _; glycogen synthase has its greatest activity when _.

The $\alpha$ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _ in response to _ glucose levels.

In the liver, activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase occurs when levels of _ are elevated, resulting in the activation of _.