Question 1

Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include

Accepted Answer

A)  low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only. 
B)  a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only. 
C)  high blood pressure in the renal artery only. 
D)  low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule. 
E)  low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery. 
A)  low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only. 
B)  a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only. 
C)  high blood pressure in the renal artery only. 
D)  low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule. 
E)  low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery.

Question 2

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

A)  to decrease osmolarity inside the nephron 
B)  to make urine less concentrated 
C)  to increase passive reabsorption of water 
D)  to decrease blood pressure 
A)  to decrease osmolarity inside the nephron 
B)  to make urine less concentrated 
C)  to increase passive reabsorption of water 
D)  to decrease blood pressure

Question 3

Symptoms of low plasma pH may include

Accepted Answer

A)  CNS depression only. 
B)  confusion and disorientation only. 
C)  numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only. 
D)  CNS depression and confusion and disorientation. 
E)  CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches. 
A)  CNS depression only. 
B)  confusion and disorientation only. 
C)  numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only. 
D)  CNS depression and confusion and disorientation. 
E)  CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches.

Question 4

What are the two mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

Accepted Answer

1.convert HCO₃⁻ into carbon di

Question 5

Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sympathetic neurons, epinephrine 
B)  granular cells, renin 
C)  liver, angiotensinogen 
D)  macula densa, renin 
A)  sympathetic neurons, epinephrine 
B)  granular cells, renin 
C)  liver, angiotensinogen 
D)  macula densa, renin

Question 6

Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity.How do they maintain normal cell volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity. 
B)  They synthesize water molecules through increased metabolism to offset volume loss. 
C)  They maintain a water-impermeable membrane. 
D)  They add or remove aquaporins as needed. 
A)  They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity. 
B)  They synthesize water molecules through increased metabolism to offset volume loss. 
C)  They maintain a water-impermeable membrane. 
D)  They add or remove aquaporins as needed.

Question 7

ACE converts

Accepted Answer

A)  renin to angiotensinogen. 
B)  angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 
C)  angiotensin I to angiotensin II. 
D)  angiotensin II to aldosterone. 
E)  renin to aldosterone. 
A)  renin to angiotensinogen. 
B)  angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 
C)  angiotensin I to angiotensin II. 
D)  angiotensin II to aldosterone. 
E)  renin to aldosterone.

Question 8

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  kidneys. 
B)  liver. 
C)  heart. 
D)  lungs. 
E)  blood vessels. 
A)  kidneys. 
B)  liver. 
C)  heart. 
D)  lungs. 
E)  blood vessels.

Question 9

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  diuresis. 
B)  diuretics. 
C)  osmotic diuresis. 
D)  filtration. 
A)  diuresis. 
B)  diuretics. 
C)  osmotic diuresis. 
D)  filtration.

Question 10

When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder

Accepted Answer

A)  can be returned to the circulation directly. 
B)  can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys. 
C)  will still be expelled from the body in the urine. 
A)  can be returned to the circulation directly. 
B)  can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys. 
C)  will still be expelled from the body in the urine.

Question 11

"Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink" is a phrase from the Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.This poem describes an ocean ship unable to sail to land and running out of its supply of fresh water; sailors have long known that drinking seawater cannot prevent death from dehydration.What would result if the sailors attempted to alleviate their dehydration by drinking seawater? Justify your answer by describing kidney physiology.Why wouldn't reflexes, in response to dehydration, fully compensate? What does this illustrate about the force allowing kidneys to retain water under more normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

The osmolarity of seawater is higher tha

Question 12

The primary osmoreceptors are located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  pons. 
B)  kidney. 
C)  stomach. 
D)  hypothalamus. 
E)  medulla. 
A)  pons. 
B)  kidney. 
C)  stomach. 
D)  hypothalamus. 
E)  medulla.

Question 13

What are oropharynx receptors, which hormone do they suppress, and how is it known that they exist? If a person stranded on a desert island drank seawater to try to quench his thirst, how would this affect the oropharynx receptors?

Accepted Answer

Oropharynx receptors inhibit the sense o

Question 14

Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the

Accepted Answer

A)  sweat glands. 
B)  kidneys. 
C)  liver. 
D)  digestive system. 
E)  spleen. 
A)  sweat glands. 
B)  kidneys. 
C)  liver. 
D)  digestive system. 
E)  spleen.

Question 15

Diagram the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Which condition is the primary stimulus for its activation?

Accepted Answer

Figure 20.10 diagrams these in

Question 16

Cell volume (and therefore cell function)in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

Accepted Answer

A)  volume of extracellular fluid. 
B)  blood pressure. 
C)  osmolarity of extracellular fluid. 
D)  permeability of cell membranes. 
E)  resting membrane potential. 
A)  volume of extracellular fluid. 
B)  blood pressure. 
C)  osmolarity of extracellular fluid. 
D)  permeability of cell membranes. 
E)  resting membrane potential.

Question 17

The hormone vasopressin

Accepted Answer

A)  is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity. 
B)  stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions. 
C)  stimulates the kidneys to conserve water. 
D)  stimulates the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity. 
B)  stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions. 
C)  stimulates the kidneys to conserve water. 
D)  stimulates the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

How do kidneys alter urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys alter urine concentrat

Question 19

The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

Accepted Answer

A)  angiotensin converting enzyme. 
B)  renin. 
C)  angiotensinogen. 
D)  aldosterone. 
E)  vasopressin. 
A)  angiotensin converting enzyme. 
B)  renin. 
C)  angiotensinogen. 
D)  aldosterone. 
E)  vasopressin.

Question 20

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

Accepted Answer

A)  acidosis 
B)  alkalosis 
C)  equilibrium 
D)  homeostasis 
A)  acidosis 
B)  alkalosis 
C)  equilibrium 
D)  homeostasis

Exam 20: Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include

Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?

Symptoms of low plasma pH may include

What are the two mechanisms of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.

Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity.How do they maintain normal cell volume?

ACE converts

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the

Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as

When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder

The primary osmoreceptors are located in the

What are oropharynx receptors, which hormone do they suppress, and how is it known that they exist? If a person stranded on a desert island drank seawater to try to quench his thirst, how would this affect the oropharynx receptors?

Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the

Diagram the reactions and interactions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Which condition is the primary stimulus for its activation?

Cell volume (and therefore cell function)in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

The hormone vasopressin

How do kidneys alter urine concentration?

The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of ________ exists.

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Membrane Dynamics

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

The Kidneys

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

Filters

Paracrine feedback from the in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of .