Exam 20: Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ________ system.

Devising new food recipes is more successful when the chefs understand basic food chemistry.For example, to create a new cake recipe, one must understand the role of both acids and bases in leavening (rising, or trapping of tiny gas bubbles as dough is baking, to provide the characteristic texture).The principle is to incorporate baking soda (NaHCO₃)into an acidic batter, causing a chemical reaction resulting in gas production.Looking at the chemical formula, which gas do you think is formed? Summarize the chemical reaction that occurs in a cake batter that contains NaHCO₃ and vinegar or acetic acid (produces acetate when ionized: CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺).What would happen to your cake if you didn't use enough baking soda? What would happen if you forgot to acidify your batter with vinegar or a similar food acid?

A buffer

Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called

The most important factor affecting the pH of plasma is the concentration of

Which of the following is NOT True about angiotensin II?

The most potent stimulus for vasopressin release is

Angiotensin II stimulates

When the pH of body fluids begins to fall, proteins will

"Glucose, glucose, everywhere, nor any speck to utilize" is a phrase made up by one of the authors working on this test question.Similar to the irony of not being able to prevent dehydration by drinking seawater, people with untreated diabetes mellitus are unable to prevent starvation despite the large amount of glucose surrounding their cells; as if that isn't bad enough, dehydration is also a problem.Explain why there is glucose in the urine of such people, why glucose is not present in the urine of normal people, and why diabetics become dehydrated.

Rachel, a nursing student, has been caring for burn patients.She notices that they consistently show elevated levels of potassium in their urine and wonders why.What would you tell her?

Diabetes mellitus produces many homeostatic imbalances, including acidosis.The pH imbalance is due to ketoacidosis, which results from excessive accumulation of by-products of fat metabolism, as the body cannot meet energy needs from carbohydrate metabolism.Sally is a teenaged diabetic who sometimes rebels by not taking her insulin.Her body is beginning to develop ketoacidosis as a result.Create a chart to indicate and explain how her blood pH, HCO₃⁻, and PCO₂ react, by indicating "increase," "decrease," or "no change." 1.ketoacidosis has just developed 2.respiratory compensation occurs 3.renal compensation occurs

Osmoreceptors depolarize after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity.

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Decreased ECF volume causes

A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of

________ interstitial osmolarity allows urine to be concentrated.

Thirst is

How does decreased blood pressure affect the following: granular cells, glomerulus, cardiovascular control center, hypothalamus? Indicate if decreased blood pressure directly affects the organ or tissue above or acts through a reflex pathway.If it acts through a reflex pathway, name the reflex.

Gossip, an undergraduate, has normal PCO₂ levels, high H⁺ levels, low pH and bicarbonate levels.What type of disturbance is Gossip suffering from and what might cause this? If his PCO₂ were elevated, would your answer change? Explain.