Question 1

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,

Accepted Answer

A)  stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow. 
B)  the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow. 
C)  the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. 
D)  the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. 
A)  stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow. 
B)  the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow. 
C)  the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure. 
D)  the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch triggers further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure.

Question 2

Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons, raising the pressure inside the nephrons.How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  GFR increases and blood pressure increases 
B)  GFR increases and blood pressure decreases 
C)  GFR decreases and blood pressure increases 
D)  GFR decreases and blood pressure decreases 
A)  GFR increases and blood pressure increases 
B)  GFR increases and blood pressure decreases 
C)  GFR decreases and blood pressure increases 
D)  GFR decreases and blood pressure decreases

Question 3

Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT True?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes. 
B)  Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism. 
C)  In tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open, resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells. 
D)  In myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole. 
A)  Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes. 
B)  Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism. 
C)  In tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open, resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells. 
D)  In myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole.

Question 4

Urea is

Accepted Answer

A)  actively secreted in the distal tubule. 
B)  actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. 
C)  passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. 
D)  completely eliminated in the urine. 
E)  actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct. 
A)  actively secreted in the distal tubule. 
B)  actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. 
C)  passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. 
D)  completely eliminated in the urine. 
E)  actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct.

Question 5

Match each step in urine formation to its description.
-movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

Accepted Answer

A) excretion 
B) filtration 
C) reabsorption 
D) secretion 
A) excretion 
B) filtration 
C) reabsorption 
D) secretion

Question 6

Match each step in urine formation to its description.
-movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

Accepted Answer

A) excretion 
B) filtration 
C) reabsorption 
D) secretion 
A) excretion 
B) filtration 
C) reabsorption 
D) secretion

Question 7

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na⁺ 
B)  K⁺ 
C)  Ca²⁺ 
D)  HCO₃⁻ 
E)  OH⁻ 
A)  Na⁺ 
B)  K⁺ 
C)  Ca²⁺ 
D)  HCO₃⁻ 
E)  OH⁻

Question 8

Match each step in urine formation to its description.
-movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

Accepted Answer

A) excretion 
B) filtration 
C) reabsorption 
D) secretion 
A) excretion 
B) filtration 
C) reabsorption 
D) secretion

Question 9

Describe GFR autoregulation, and explain why it is important.

Accepted Answer

1.The myogenic response is the ability o

Question 10

The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys.

Accepted Answer

renal arte

Question 11

Make a map of the following terms: blood, Bowman's capsule, collecting duct, distal tubule, excretion, external environment, filtration, loop of Henle, lumen, osmosis, peritubular capillaries, proximal tubule, urine, water.Add terms as needed.

Accepted Answer

Maps will vary. See

Question 12

Neural control of GFR is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________.

Accepted Answer

sympatheti

Question 13

One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient.Initially, this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal.Later, however, the active transport of Na⁺ and other solutes creates a gradient by removing water from the lumen of the tubule where it is located.What substance is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose 
B)  calcium 
C)  urea 
D)  glucose and calcium 
E)  glucose, calcium, and urea 
A)  glucose 
B)  calcium 
C)  urea 
D)  glucose and calcium 
E)  glucose, calcium, and urea

Question 14

A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower than normal levels of plasma proteins and a higher than normal GFR.Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration would cause an increase in GFR.

Accepted Answer

The primary driving force for GFR is blo

Question 15

Which statement is NOT True?

Accepted Answer

A)  The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. 
B)  As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment. 
C)  The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products. 
D)  The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra. 
E)  Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men. 
A)  The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. 
B)  As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment. 
C)  The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products. 
D)  The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra. 
E)  Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men.

Question 16

The ________ lie between and around the glomerular capillaries.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________ lie between and around the...

Question 17

A professor gave the following analogy of kidney function to his freshman biology class: "Imagine your desk is a disorganized mess, containing things worth keeping and things you should throw out.Instead of picking through each item one by one and considering if it is to keep or toss, you sweep your arm across your desktop in one smooth motion, knocking the entire contents of the desk into your large trash can.Then you pull the items you want to keep out of the trash can and place them back on your desk." In what ways is this analogy accurate? In what ways is it inaccurate? Some students in his class argue that the kidneys are inefficient and poorly designed.How should the professor respond? What modern medical device may he cite in his response?

Accepted Answer

His analogy is accurate in that the glom

Question 18

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium.
-urea

Accepted Answer

A) transcytosis 
B) active transport 
C) symport with a cation 
D) passive reabsorption/diffusion 
A) transcytosis 
B) active transport 
C) symport with a cation 
D) passive reabsorption/diffusion

Question 19

Technically, the kidneys are located

Accepted Answer

A)  in the thoracic cavity. 
B)  in the abdominal cavity. 
C)  behind the pleural membranes. 
D)  behind the peritoneal membrane. 
E)  in the pelvic cavity. 
A)  in the thoracic cavity. 
B)  in the abdominal cavity. 
C)  behind the pleural membranes. 
D)  behind the peritoneal membrane. 
E)  in the pelvic cavity.

Question 20

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  loop of Henle. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  collecting duct. 
D)  vasa recta. 
E)  minor calyx. 
A)  loop of Henle. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  collecting duct. 
D)  vasa recta. 
E)  minor calyx.

Exam 19: The Kidneys

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,

Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons, raising the pressure inside the nephrons.How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure?

Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT True?

Urea is

Match each step in urine formation to its description. -movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

Match each step in urine formation to its description. -movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Match each step in urine formation to its description. -movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

Describe GFR autoregulation, and explain why it is important.

The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys.

Make a map of the following terms: blood, Bowman's capsule, collecting duct, distal tubule, excretion, external environment, filtration, loop of Henle, lumen, osmosis, peritubular capillaries, proximal tubule, urine, water.Add terms as needed.

Neural control of GFR is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________.

A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower than normal levels of plasma proteins and a higher than normal GFR.Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration would cause an increase in GFR.

Which statement is NOT True?

The ________ lie between and around the glomerular capillaries.

Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium. -urea

Technically, the kidneys are located

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Membrane Dynamics

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

Filters

The branch off the and supply blood to the kidneys.

Neural control of GFR is mediated by that innervate receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing .