Exam 18: Gas Exchange and Transport

Cary deliberately hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool.Shortly after he enters the water and begins swimming, he blacks out and almost drowns.What caused this to happen?

The expiratory neurons control the ________ muscles, whereas the inspiratory neurons control the ________ muscles.

You are a scientist who has been hired to write a screenplay for a popular TV series.The plot involves the discovery by a rogue botanist of a plant toxin that interferes with the function of the exchange pump responsible for the chloride shift.This scientist provides the toxin to bioterrorists.What should you write for the coroner to say about symptoms in the poisoning victims?

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called

Name three pathological changes that adversely affect gas exchange.

The ________ group of neurons contains mostly inspiratory neurons.The ________ group of neurons controls muscles used for active expiration and some inspiratory muscles.

Match the lung disease to its description. -increased diffusion distance

Describe the problems that result in low arterial oxygen content.

Refer to the graph below. A.At a PO₂ of 80 mm Hg, which type of hemoglobin binds more oxygen? B.At a PO₂ of 40 mm Hg, which type of hemoglobin has released more oxygen to the cell? C.Explain the significance of the differences in fetal and maternal hemoglobin affinity. D.If a worm lived in low oxygen mud flats where the PO₂ is 60 mm Hg, which type of hemoglobin would be better for it to have? Explain.

Timmy is a cantankerous toddler who has just threatened that he will hold his breath until Mom gives him some chocolate.His mother refuses to be manipulated and watches in amusement as Timmy stubbornly refuses to breathe.To her horror, Timmy loses consciousness and collapses onto the floor.Her cousin, who is enrolled in a course for emergency medical technical (EMT)training, is visiting, and tells her there is no need to call for an ambulance.Why did Timmy lose consciousness? Should his mother trust her instincts and call for help and begin CPR, or should she listen to her well-meaning but young and inexperienced cousin? Explain.

What are the PO₂ and PCO₂ in the alveoli, artery, peripheral tissue, and veins? Explain why the PO₂ and PCO₂ change.

List, compare, and contrast the brain's centers for monitoring and controlling respiration.

The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is

In ________, fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces of the lungs, slowing gas exchange.

Which is typically more important in regulating the respiratory system, PO₂ or PCO₂? Explain your answer and briefly discuss the receptors involved.Give examples of situations in which each of those factors changes enough to stimulate a reflex.How and why are these factors related to each other?

List and explain the factors that influence the presence of gases in liquids.

Describe the different causes of hypoxia, and give specific examples of the associated conditions.

What force(s)move(s)carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli?

The chloride shift occurs when