Question 1

Glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory effects by

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing the transcription of proteins that decrease inflammation 
B)  decreasing the transcription of inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and other inflammatory proteins 
C)  decreasing vascular permeability and helping control swelling and erythema at the site of inflammation 
D)  all of the above are true 
E)  A and B only are true 
A)  increasing the transcription of proteins that decrease inflammation 
B)  decreasing the transcription of inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and other inflammatory proteins 
C)  decreasing vascular permeability and helping control swelling and erythema at the site of inflammation 
D)  all of the above are true 
E)  A and B only are true D

Question 2

From a physical therapy perspective,the most important adverse effect seen in patients taking systemic glucocorticoid (anti-inflammatory steroid)drugs is

Accepted Answer

A)  hypertension 
B)  aggravation of diabetes mellitus 
C)  aggravation of stomach ulcers 
D)  increased chance of infection 
E)  tissue catabolism (breakdown) 
A)  hypertension 
B)  aggravation of diabetes mellitus 
C)  aggravation of stomach ulcers 
D)  increased chance of infection 
E)  tissue catabolism (breakdown) E

Question 3

Prolonged,systemic administration of glucocorticoids can produce

Accepted Answer

A)  osteoporosis 
B)  muscle wasting 
C)  hypertension 
D)  suppression of the adrenal gland 
E)  all the above are true 
A)  osteoporosis 
B)  muscle wasting 
C)  hypertension 
D)  suppression of the adrenal gland 
E)  all the above are true E

Question 4

Mineralocorticoid antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone are used primarily

Accepted Answer

A)  as diuretics in treating hypertension and heart failure. 
B)  as anti-inflammatory agents in treating rheumatoid arthritis 
C)  as immunosuppressants in treating rheumatoid arthritis 
D)  as replacement therapy for people with adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease) 
E)  none of the above are true 
A)  as diuretics in treating hypertension and heart failure. 
B)  as anti-inflammatory agents in treating rheumatoid arthritis 
C)  as immunosuppressants in treating rheumatoid arthritis 
D)  as replacement therapy for people with adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease) 
E)  none of the above are true

Question 5

In general,steroids alter protein synthesis in responsive cells through a direct effect on the cell's

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosomes 
B)  nucleus 
C)  golgi apparatus 
D)  mitochondria 
E)  lysosomes 
A)  ribosomes 
B)  nucleus 
C)  golgi apparatus 
D)  mitochondria 
E)  lysosomes

Question 6

Glucocorticoids should be withdrawn slowly after several weeks or months of use,because the ______ needs time to resume normal function when these drugs are discontinued.

Accepted Answer

A)  liver 
B)  kidneys 
C)  adrenal gland 
D)  thyroid gland 
E)  pancreas 
A)  liver 
B)  kidneys 
C)  adrenal gland 
D)  thyroid gland 
E)  pancreas

Question 7

Replacement doses of glucocorticoids (e.g.cortisol)and mineralocortoids (e.g.aldosterone)are typically administered to maintain optimal health in patients with

Accepted Answer

A)  Addison disease 
B)  Cushing syndrome 
C)  hypertension 
D)  severe muscle wasting (hypercatabolic state) 
E)  all the above 
A)  Addison disease 
B)  Cushing syndrome 
C)  hypertension 
D)  severe muscle wasting (hypercatabolic state) 
E)  all the above

Question 8

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids exert a paradoxical or contradictory effect on glucose metabolism because they _____ circulating levels of glucose at the same time that they ______ glycogen storage in the liver.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; decrease 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  decrease; increase 
E)  none of the above are true; glucocorticoids do not affect glucose metabolism 
A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; decrease 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  decrease; increase 
E)  none of the above are true; glucocorticoids do not affect glucose metabolism

Question 9

In humans,the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____,and the primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  progesterone; testosterone 
B)  testosterone; estrogen 
C)  estrogen; aldosterone 
D)  aldosterone; cortisol 
E)  cortisol; progesterone 
A)  progesterone; testosterone 
B)  testosterone; estrogen 
C)  estrogen; aldosterone 
D)  aldosterone; cortisol 
E)  cortisol; progesterone

Question 10

Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone act on the kidneys to _____

Accepted Answer

A)  increase sodium excretion 
B)  increase water excretion 
C)  increase potassium reabsorption 
D)  all the above are true 
E)  none of the above are true 
A)  increase sodium excretion 
B)  increase water excretion 
C)  increase potassium reabsorption 
D)  all the above are true 
E)  none of the above are true

Question 11

Glucocorticoids are released from the adrenal cortex

Accepted Answer

A)  on a daily basis, usually around 8:00 a.m. in most humans 
B)  in response to stressful stimuli (trauma, fever, and so forth) 
C)  in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary 
D)  all the above are true 
E)  none of the above are true 
A)  on a daily basis, usually around 8:00 a.m. in most humans 
B)  in response to stressful stimuli (trauma, fever, and so forth) 
C)  in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary 
D)  all the above are true 
E)  none of the above are true

Question 12

Drugs with mineralocorticoid-like activity (aldosterone agonists)are typically administered

Accepted Answer

A)  to treat hypertension 
B)  to treat inflammation 
C)  as replacement therapy in people with low renin-angiotensin system activity 
D)  as replacement therapy whenever the natural production of mineralocorticoids is impaired 
E)  all the above are true 
A)  to treat hypertension 
B)  to treat inflammation 
C)  as replacement therapy in people with low renin-angiotensin system activity 
D)  as replacement therapy whenever the natural production of mineralocorticoids is impaired 
E)  all the above are true

Exam 29: Adrenocorticosteroids

Glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory effects by

From a physical therapy perspective,the most important adverse effect seen in patients taking systemic glucocorticoid (anti-inflammatory steroid)drugs is

Prolonged,systemic administration of glucocorticoids can produce

Mineralocorticoid antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone are used primarily

In general,steroids alter protein synthesis in responsive cells through a direct effect on the cell's

Glucocorticoids should be withdrawn slowly after several weeks or months of use,because the ______ needs time to resume normal function when these drugs are discontinued.

Replacement doses of glucocorticoids (e.g.cortisol)and mineralocortoids (e.g.aldosterone)are typically administered to maintain optimal health in patients with

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids exert a paradoxical or contradictory effect on glucose metabolism because they _____ circulating levels of glucose at the same time that they ______ glycogen storage in the liver.

In humans,the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____,and the primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _______.

Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone act on the kidneys to _____

Glucocorticoids are released from the adrenal cortex

Drugs with mineralocorticoid-like activity (aldosterone agonists)are typically administered

Basic Principles of Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics IDrug Administration,Absorption,and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics II: Drug Elimination

Drug Receptors

General Principles of Central Nervous System Pharmacology

Sedative Hypnotic and Anti-anxiety Agents

Drugs to Treat Affective Disorders Depression and Bipolar Syndrome

Antipsychotic Drugs

Antiepileptic Drugs

Pharmacologic Management of Parkinson Disease

General Anesthetics

Local Anesthetics

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Opioid Analgesics

Non-steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs

Pharmacologic Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis

Patient Controlled Analgesia

Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology

Cholinergic Drugs

Adrenergic Drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Treatment of Angina Pectoris

Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

Treatment of Coagulation Disorders and Hyperlipidemia

Respiratory Drugs

Gastrointestinal Drugs

Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology

Male and Female Hormones

Thyroid and Parathyroid Drugs: Agents Affecting Bone Mineralization

Pancreatic Hormones and the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment of Infections I: Antibacterial Drugs

Treatment of Infections II: Antiviral Drugs

Treatment of Infections III: Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs

Cancer Chemotherapy

Immunomodulating Agents

Filters

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids exert a paradoxical or contradictory effect on glucose metabolism because they _ circulating levels of glucose at the same time that they __ glycogen storage in the liver.

In humans,the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _,and the primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is ___.