Question 1

Symptoms of plague appear in

Accepted Answer

A)  one to two years. 
B)  two to three months. 
C)  one to six days. 
D)  three to six hours. 
E)  three to six months. 
A)  one to two years. 
B)  two to three months. 
C)  one to six days. 
D)  three to six hours. 
E)  three to six months.

Question 2

Which of the following possibly explains the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Previously formed antibodies to one serotype of dengue virus bind to the second serotype and rather than neutralizing it, facilitate its entry into cells that express Fc receptors. This leads to increased numbers of infected cells and a high viral load. 
B)  Previously formed antibodies to one serotype of dengue virus suppress the immune response to infection with other serotypes; this allows the second infection to become much more severe than the first infection. 
C)  Infection with one serotype of dengue virus results in the formation of clots in small blood vessels throughout the body; viruses from a second infection enter these clots and multiply uninhibited within them, resulting in serious disease. 
D)  Antibodies generated in response to one serotype of dengue virus cross react with a second serotype of the virus. This leads to the formation of immune complexes that lodge in the brains of infected people, causing serous illness. 
E)  Dengue viruses are DNA viruses that can integrate into the chromosome of the host cell. If a cell is already infected with one serotype of the virus, infection with a second serotype will lead to the death of that cell. 
A)  Previously formed antibodies to one serotype of dengue virus bind to the second serotype and rather than neutralizing it, facilitate its entry into cells that express Fc receptors. This leads to increased numbers of infected cells and a high viral load. 
B)  Previously formed antibodies to one serotype of dengue virus suppress the immune response to infection with other serotypes; this allows the second infection to become much more severe than the first infection. 
C)  Infection with one serotype of dengue virus results in the formation of clots in small blood vessels throughout the body; viruses from a second infection enter these clots and multiply uninhibited within them, resulting in serious disease. 
D)  Antibodies generated in response to one serotype of dengue virus cross react with a second serotype of the virus. This leads to the formation of immune complexes that lodge in the brains of infected people, causing serous illness. 
E)  Dengue viruses are DNA viruses that can integrate into the chromosome of the host cell. If a cell is already infected with one serotype of the virus, infection with a second serotype will lead to the death of that cell.

Question 3

The "Black Death" may also be known as

Accepted Answer

A)  tularemia. 
B)  plague. 
C)  brucellosis. 
D)  endocarditis. 
E)  necrosis. 
A)  tularemia. 
B)  plague. 
C)  brucellosis. 
D)  endocarditis. 
E)  necrosis.

Question 4

The common name for tularemia is

Accepted Answer

A)  Bang's disease. 
B)  rabbit fever. 
C)  Hansen's disease. 
D)  Chagas' disease. 
E)  dog tick fever. 
A)  Bang's disease. 
B)  rabbit fever. 
C)  Hansen's disease. 
D)  Chagas' disease. 
E)  dog tick fever.

Question 5

The disease caused by an enveloped single-stranded RNA arbovirus of the flavivirus family is

Accepted Answer

A)  brucellosis. 
B)  yellow fever. 
C)  malaria. 
D)  herpes. 
E)  chikungunya. 
A)  brucellosis. 
B)  yellow fever. 
C)  malaria. 
D)  herpes. 
E)  chikungunya.

Question 6

Two people are brought to the Emergency Department where you work. The first patient reports fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. The second patient appears extremely ill. Her family tells you that she also had gastrointestinal signs and symptoms a few days ago. She has now developed severe skin blistering, has a very high fever and is only semi-conscious. When you question the first patient and the family of the second patient, you discover that they know each other and that they have all recently returned from a beach vacation in a major city on the U.S. Gulf Coast. The group tells you that the enjoyed a raw oyster dinner on the last day of their summer vacation. They think that both patients are probably just allergic to seafood, but given the severity of the signs and symptoms of your patients, you suspect that they may have Vibrio vulnificus infection. Lab tests confirm your suspicion. You give the families information on this disease.
-People with chronic liver disease frequently have elevated levels of iron in their blood. Iron is needed by V. vulnificus for growth. How does it acquire iron from the host?

Accepted Answer

A)  V. vulnificus produces siderophores that allow it to scavenge iron. 
B)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin. 
C)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin AND it produces siderophores that allow it to scavenge iron. 
D)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses white blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin AND it produces transferrins that allow it to scavenge iron. 
E)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses white blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin AND it produces lactoferrins that allow it to scavenge iron. 
A)  V. vulnificus produces siderophores that allow it to scavenge iron. 
B)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin. 
C)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin AND it produces siderophores that allow it to scavenge iron. 
D)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses white blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin AND it produces transferrins that allow it to scavenge iron. 
E)  V. vulnificus produces a hemolysin that lyses white blood cells to release iron-containing hemoglobin AND it produces lactoferrins that allow it to scavenge iron.

Question 7

Select one False statement about sepsis.

Accepted Answer

A)  Lung damage is an important cause of death in people with sepsis. 
B)  Sepsis can be caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  Common causes of fatal sepsis include members of the normal microbiota of the large intestine. 
D)  Sepsis is sometimes a healthcare-associated illness but is more commonly a community-acquired infection. 
E)  Use of medical equipment where biofilms readily develop increases the risk of sepsis. 
A)  Lung damage is an important cause of death in people with sepsis. 
B)  Sepsis can be caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  Common causes of fatal sepsis include members of the normal microbiota of the large intestine. 
D)  Sepsis is sometimes a healthcare-associated illness but is more commonly a community-acquired infection. 
E)  Use of medical equipment where biofilms readily develop increases the risk of sepsis.

Question 8

Which statement about the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems is NOT True?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems are typically sterile. 
B)  Veins carry blood away from the heart while arteries carry blood towards the heart. 
C)  Inflammation of lymphatic vessels is called lymphangitis, which presents as a red streak from an infection site toward the nearest lymph node. 
D)  Blood is exposed to immune cells as it passes through the spleen. 
E)  Phagocytes in spleen red pulp remove aging or damaged RBCs, bacteria, and other antigens from the blood. 
A)  The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems are typically sterile. 
B)  Veins carry blood away from the heart while arteries carry blood towards the heart. 
C)  Inflammation of lymphatic vessels is called lymphangitis, which presents as a red streak from an infection site toward the nearest lymph node. 
D)  Blood is exposed to immune cells as it passes through the spleen. 
E)  Phagocytes in spleen red pulp remove aging or damaged RBCs, bacteria, and other antigens from the blood.

Question 9

The plague is typically transmitted via the bite of

Accepted Answer

A)  ticks. 
B)  fleas. 
C)  lice. 
D)  mites. 
E)  mosquitoes. 
A)  ticks. 
B)  fleas. 
C)  lice. 
D)  mites. 
E)  mosquitoes.

Question 10

You go hiking in the woods with some of your classmates. A few days after the hike, your friend Alice calls to tell you she is not feeling well and that she is going to skip soccer practice that evening. She says she has a weird rash on her leg and wonders if she was bitten by a spider while your were hiking. She sends you a photo of the rash. You are in your final semester of nursing school and have recently studied disease of the cardiovascular system. You think that the rash that Alice has is a sign of Lyme disease, and offer to take her to the urgent care to get medical help. While you are waiting to see a clinician, you review answer Alice's questions about Lyme disease.
-Lyme disease is a zoonosis with humans being an accidental host. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Borrelia bergdorferi is transmitted to animals from humans AND the bacterium cannot complete its life cycle in humans. 
B)  Borrelia bergdorferi is found predominantly in zoo animals AND the bacterium cannot complete its life cycle in humans. 
C)  Borrelia bergdorferi is transmitted to humans from animals AND humans are not the normal host for the tick vector. 
D)  Borrelia bergdorferi is found predominantly in zoo animals AND the tick vector cannot complete its life cycle in humans. 
E)  Borrelia bergdorferi is found predominantly in zoo animals AND humans are not the normal host for the tick vector. 
A)  Borrelia bergdorferi is transmitted to animals from humans AND the bacterium cannot complete its life cycle in humans. 
B)  Borrelia bergdorferi is found predominantly in zoo animals AND the bacterium cannot complete its life cycle in humans. 
C)  Borrelia bergdorferi is transmitted to humans from animals AND humans are not the normal host for the tick vector. 
D)  Borrelia bergdorferi is found predominantly in zoo animals AND the tick vector cannot complete its life cycle in humans. 
E)  Borrelia bergdorferi is found predominantly in zoo animals AND humans are not the normal host for the tick vector.

Question 11

The development of lymph node enlargement in the region of a skin ulcer after a tick or insect bite or handling of a wild animal suggests

Accepted Answer

A)  brucellosis. 
B)  endocarditis. 
C)  sepsis. 
D)  tularemia. 
E)  Lyme disease. 
A)  brucellosis. 
B)  endocarditis. 
C)  sepsis. 
D)  tularemia. 
E)  Lyme disease.

Question 12

Which is NOT a reason that it would be more difficult to eradicate Lyme disease than rubeola or rubella?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lyme disease is transmitted by Ixodes tick vectors-it would be impossible to eliminate these ticks from earth. 
B)  The causative agent of Lyme disease is harbored in intermediate hosts (mice and deer)-elimination of these would be impossible. 
C)  Rubeola and rubella only infect humans-if all humans were immune (through vaccination for example), the diseases would be eliminated. 
D)  Lyme disease is cannot be treated successfully with antimicrobials, while rubella and rubeola can be successfully treated-it is thus easier to eliminate them. 
E)  These are all valid reasons to explain why eradicating Lyme disease would be more difficult than eliminating rubella and rubeola. 
A)  Lyme disease is transmitted by Ixodes tick vectors-it would be impossible to eliminate these ticks from earth. 
B)  The causative agent of Lyme disease is harbored in intermediate hosts (mice and deer)-elimination of these would be impossible. 
C)  Rubeola and rubella only infect humans-if all humans were immune (through vaccination for example), the diseases would be eliminated. 
D)  Lyme disease is cannot be treated successfully with antimicrobials, while rubella and rubeola can be successfully treated-it is thus easier to eliminate them. 
E)  These are all valid reasons to explain why eradicating Lyme disease would be more difficult than eliminating rubella and rubeola.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a route by which bacteria that cause infective endocarditis may gain access to the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

A)  Trauma 
B)  Dental procedures 
C)  Brushing teeth 
D)  Ingestion 
E)  Kidney infection 
A)  Trauma 
B)  Dental procedures 
C)  Brushing teeth 
D)  Ingestion 
E)  Kidney infection

Question 14

Why does it take more than a week before a mosquito that has just become infected with yellow fever virus can transmit the disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  The virus must replicate in the gut of the mosquito before it can reach high enough numbers for transmission to a new human. 
B)  Mosquitoes only feed once a week, which limits their ability to transmit the disease rapidly. 
C)  Mosquitoes that acquire yellow fever virus become ill for a week thereafter. They have to recover before they can feed again and transmit the virus to the next host. 
D)  The virus multiplies in the gut of the mosquito, but then needs to migrate to the mouth of the insect in order to infect a new human being after a new bite. This migration takes time. 
E)  The mosquito actually transmits the virus almost immediately. It takes a week for the virus to multiply in the gut of the host before it causes any ill effects in that host. 
A)  The virus must replicate in the gut of the mosquito before it can reach high enough numbers for transmission to a new human. 
B)  Mosquitoes only feed once a week, which limits their ability to transmit the disease rapidly. 
C)  Mosquitoes that acquire yellow fever virus become ill for a week thereafter. They have to recover before they can feed again and transmit the virus to the next host. 
D)  The virus multiplies in the gut of the mosquito, but then needs to migrate to the mouth of the insect in order to infect a new human being after a new bite. This migration takes time. 
E)  The mosquito actually transmits the virus almost immediately. It takes a week for the virus to multiply in the gut of the host before it causes any ill effects in that host.

Question 15

Which statement about infectious mononucleosis is False?

Accepted Answer

A)  Initial signs and symptoms of EBV infection resemble those of pharyngitis. 
B)  In a non-productive EBV infection, the virus establishes a latent infection and is maintained as either a plasmid or a provirus. 
C)  EBV-infected B cells produce a heterophile antibody that plays no role in the pathology of mononucleosis, but can be used for diagnosis. 
D)  Infectious mononucleosis results in lymph node and spleen enlargement, and is occasionally fatal because the spleen may rupture. 
E)  Antiviral medications such as acyclovir and famciclovir inhibit both productive and non-productive EBV infections. 
A)  Initial signs and symptoms of EBV infection resemble those of pharyngitis. 
B)  In a non-productive EBV infection, the virus establishes a latent infection and is maintained as either a plasmid or a provirus. 
C)  EBV-infected B cells produce a heterophile antibody that plays no role in the pathology of mononucleosis, but can be used for diagnosis. 
D)  Infectious mononucleosis results in lymph node and spleen enlargement, and is occasionally fatal because the spleen may rupture. 
E)  Antiviral medications such as acyclovir and famciclovir inhibit both productive and non-productive EBV infections.

Question 16

How does F. tularensis avoid the immune system?

Accepted Answer

A)  By having altered surface components AND by destroying lymphocytes. 
B)  By escaping from the macrophage phagolysosome AND by producing streptokinases. 
C)  By synthesizing a large polysaccharide capsule AND by degrading complement component C3b. 
D)  By synthesizing a large polysaccharide capsule AND by escaping the macrophage phagolysosome. 
E)  By having altered surface components AND by escaping the macrophage phagolysosome. 
A)  By having altered surface components AND by destroying lymphocytes. 
B)  By escaping from the macrophage phagolysosome AND by producing streptokinases. 
C)  By synthesizing a large polysaccharide capsule AND by degrading complement component C3b. 
D)  By synthesizing a large polysaccharide capsule AND by escaping the macrophage phagolysosome. 
E)  By having altered surface components AND by escaping the macrophage phagolysosome.

Question 17

Which of the following is caused by a protozoan?

Accepted Answer

A)  Malaria 
B)  Yellow fever 
C)  Tularemia 
D)  Infectious mononucleosis 
E)  Dengue fever 
A)  Malaria 
B)  Yellow fever 
C)  Tularemia 
D)  Infectious mononucleosis 
E)  Dengue fever

Question 18

The preferred host of Ixodes scapularis is the

Accepted Answer

A)  wood rat. 
B)  white-footed mouse. 
C)  moose. 
D)  human. 
E)  ground squirrel. 
A)  wood rat. 
B)  white-footed mouse. 
C)  moose. 
D)  human. 
E)  ground squirrel.

Question 19

Which species of Plasmodium causes the most serious form of malaria?

Accepted Answer

A)  falciparum 
B)  ovale 
C)  malariae 
D)  vivax 
E)  knowlesi 
A)  falciparum 
B)  ovale 
C)  malariae 
D)  vivax 
E)  knowlesi

Question 20

The most important vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States is

Accepted Answer

A)  Dermacentor virabilis. 
B)  Dermacentor andersoni. 
C)  Staphylococcus aureus. 
D)  Ixodes scapularis. 
E)  Borrelia bergdorferi. 
A)  Dermacentor virabilis. 
B)  Dermacentor andersoni. 
C)  Staphylococcus aureus. 
D)  Ixodes scapularis. 
E)  Borrelia bergdorferi.

Exam 25: Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Symptoms of plague appear in

Which of the following possibly explains the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)?

The "Black Death" may also be known as

The common name for tularemia is

The disease caused by an enveloped single-stranded RNA arbovirus of the flavivirus family is

Select one False statement about sepsis.

Which statement about the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems is NOT True?

The plague is typically transmitted via the bite of

The development of lymph node enlargement in the region of a skin ulcer after a tick or insect bite or handling of a wild animal suggests

Which is NOT a reason that it would be more difficult to eradicate Lyme disease than rubeola or rubella?

Which of the following is NOT a route by which bacteria that cause infective endocarditis may gain access to the bloodstream?

Why does it take more than a week before a mosquito that has just become infected with yellow fever virus can transmit the disease?

Which statement about infectious mononucleosis is False?

How does F. tularensis avoid the immune system?

Which of the following is caused by a protozoan?

The preferred host of Ixodes scapularis is the

Which species of Plasmodium causes the most serious form of malaria?

The most important vector of Lyme disease in the eastern United States is

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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