Question 1

Which statement about penicillins is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Penicillins + β-lactamase inhibitor is a combination of agents that protects the penicillin against enzymatic digestion. 
B)  Broad-spectrum penicillins are active against penicillin-sensitive Gram-positive bacteria and also many Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  Some S. aureus strains have the ability to make altered penicillin binding proteins to which most β-lactam antibiotics do not bind as well. 
D)  The penicillins produced naturally by the mold P. chrysogenum are broad-spectrum, effective against all Gram-positive and many Gram-negative bacteria. 
E)  Bacteria that produce penicillinase are resistant to the natural penicillins. 
A)  Penicillins + β-lactamase inhibitor is a combination of agents that protects the penicillin against enzymatic digestion. 
B)  Broad-spectrum penicillins are active against penicillin-sensitive Gram-positive bacteria and also many Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  Some S. aureus strains have the ability to make altered penicillin binding proteins to which most β-lactam antibiotics do not bind as well. 
D)  The penicillins produced naturally by the mold P. chrysogenum are broad-spectrum, effective against all Gram-positive and many Gram-negative bacteria. 
E)  Bacteria that produce penicillinase are resistant to the natural penicillins.

Question 2

Trimethoprim and sulfonamides have a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  antagonistic effect. 
B)  synergistic effect. 
C)  energetic effect. 
D)  subtractive effect. 
E)  counteractive effect. 
A)  antagonistic effect. 
B)  synergistic effect. 
C)  energetic effect. 
D)  subtractive effect. 
E)  counteractive effect.

Question 3

Penicillin was discovered by

Accepted Answer

A)  Fleming. 
B)  Koch. 
C)  Hooke. 
D)  Ehrlich. 
E)  Pasteur. 
A)  Fleming. 
B)  Koch. 
C)  Hooke. 
D)  Ehrlich. 
E)  Pasteur.

Question 4

The diffusion bioassay

Accepted Answer

A)  determines the concentration of antimicrobial necessary to kill a bacteria. 
B)  determines the concentration of antimicrobial necessary to inhibit growth of a bacteria. 
C)  is similar in principle to the Kirby-Bauer test. 
D)  determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid. 
E)  is similar in principle to the Kirby-Bauer AND determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid. 
A)  determines the concentration of antimicrobial necessary to kill a bacteria. 
B)  determines the concentration of antimicrobial necessary to inhibit growth of a bacteria. 
C)  is similar in principle to the Kirby-Bauer test. 
D)  determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid. 
E)  is similar in principle to the Kirby-Bauer AND determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid.

Question 5

A high therapeutic index is

Accepted Answer

A)  more toxic to the patient. 
B)  less toxic to the patient. 
C)  has no effect on the patient. 
D)  has no effect on the pathogen. 
E)  more toxic to the patient AND has little effect on the pathogen. 
A)  more toxic to the patient. 
B)  less toxic to the patient. 
C)  has no effect on the patient. 
D)  has no effect on the pathogen. 
E)  more toxic to the patient AND has little effect on the pathogen.

Question 6

The most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses. 
B)  R plasmids. 
C)  introns. 
D)  exons. 
E)  F plasmids. 
A)  viruses. 
B)  R plasmids. 
C)  introns. 
D)  exons. 
E)  F plasmids.

Question 7

Which of the following bacteria have an innate resistance to penicillin?

Accepted Answer

A)  S. aureus 
B)  Mycoplasma 
C)  S. epidermidis 
D)  M. luteus 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  S. aureus 
B)  Mycoplasma 
C)  S. epidermidis 
D)  M. luteus 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 8

Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

A)  S. aureus. 
B)  S. epidermidis. 
C)  M. luteus. 
D)  M. tuberculosis. 
E)  E. coli. 
A)  S. aureus. 
B)  S. epidermidis. 
C)  M. luteus. 
D)  M. tuberculosis. 
E)  E. coli.

Question 9

Why must vancomycin be administered intravenously except when used to treat intestinal infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vancomycin is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract. 
B)  Vancomycin is toxic but less so if injected intravenously. 
C)  Injected vancomycin is easier to target to the site of infection. 
D)  Vancomycin is effective against only Gram-positive bacteria. 
E)  Vancomycin has a high therapeutic index. 
A)  Vancomycin is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract. 
B)  Vancomycin is toxic but less so if injected intravenously. 
C)  Injected vancomycin is easier to target to the site of infection. 
D)  Vancomycin is effective against only Gram-positive bacteria. 
E)  Vancomycin has a high therapeutic index.

Question 10

Carbapenems are easily inactivated by the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) produced by certain Gram-negative bacteria so cannot be used to treat these infections.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Folic acid is ultimately used in the synthesis of

Accepted Answer

A)  topoisomerases. 
B)  proteins. 
C)  DNA gyrases. 
D)  sulfonamides. 
E)  coenzymes. 
A)  topoisomerases. 
B)  proteins. 
C)  DNA gyrases. 
D)  sulfonamides. 
E)  coenzymes.

Question 12

All members of the penicillin family have

Accepted Answer

A)  beta-lactam rings. 
B)  alpha-lactam rings. 
C)  phenolic rings. 
D)  sulfanilic rings. 
E)  sulfanilic hexons. 
A)  beta-lactam rings. 
B)  alpha-lactam rings. 
C)  phenolic rings. 
D)  sulfanilic rings. 
E)  sulfanilic hexons.

Question 13

The antimicrobials produced by some molds and bacteria are generally called

Accepted Answer

A)  insecticides. 
B)  biocides. 
C)  antiseptics. 
D)  antibiotics. 
E)  pesticides. 
A)  insecticides. 
B)  biocides. 
C)  antiseptics. 
D)  antibiotics. 
E)  pesticides.

Question 14

A nucleoside analog can be phosphorylated in vivo by a virally encoded or normal cellular enzyme to form a nucleotide analog-a chemical structurally similar to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleotide analogs interfere with

Accepted Answer

A)  viral protein synthesis. 
B)  viral nucleic acid synthesis. 
C)  viral peptidoglycan synthesis. 
D)  viral replicases. 
E)  All of these choices are correct 
A)  viral protein synthesis. 
B)  viral nucleic acid synthesis. 
C)  viral peptidoglycan synthesis. 
D)  viral replicases. 
E)  All of these choices are correct

Question 15

One of the earliest antimicrobials isolated from a bacterium was

Accepted Answer

A)  penicillin. 
B)  ampicillin. 
C)  streptomycin. 
D)  Salvarsan. 
E)  tetracycline. 
A)  penicillin. 
B)  ampicillin. 
C)  streptomycin. 
D)  Salvarsan. 
E)  tetracycline.

Question 16

Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal microbiota are termed

Accepted Answer

A)  broad-spectrum. 
B)  narrow-spectrum. 
C)  targeted spectrum. 
D)  semi-synthetic. 
E)  therapeutic. 
A)  broad-spectrum. 
B)  narrow-spectrum. 
C)  targeted spectrum. 
D)  semi-synthetic. 
E)  therapeutic.

Question 17

Which statement about antiviral medications is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Viral replication generally uses host cell machinery; because of this, there are many targets for selectively toxic antiviral medications. 
B)  Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide analog that interferes with HCV's replicase and is extremely effective when used in combination with at least one other anti-HCV medication. 
C)  Nucleoside analogs and nucleotide analogs that interfere with the activity of reverse transcriptase are used in HIV treatment, along with at least one antiviral other medication. 
D)  Neuraminidase inhibitors inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme encoded by influenza viruses that is important for the release of viral particles from infected host respiratory epithelial cells. 
E)  Available antivirals are virus-specific and target viral entry, viral uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis, integrase, and the assembly and release of viral particles. 
A)  Viral replication generally uses host cell machinery; because of this, there are many targets for selectively toxic antiviral medications. 
B)  Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide analog that interferes with HCV's replicase and is extremely effective when used in combination with at least one other anti-HCV medication. 
C)  Nucleoside analogs and nucleotide analogs that interfere with the activity of reverse transcriptase are used in HIV treatment, along with at least one antiviral other medication. 
D)  Neuraminidase inhibitors inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme encoded by influenza viruses that is important for the release of viral particles from infected host respiratory epithelial cells. 
E)  Available antivirals are virus-specific and target viral entry, viral uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis, integrase, and the assembly and release of viral particles.

Question 18

Fluoroquinolones typically target

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosomes. 
B)  DNA gyrase. 
C)  penicillin-binding proteins. 
D)  peptidoglycan. 
E)  cytoplasmic membranes. 
A)  ribosomes. 
B)  DNA gyrase. 
C)  penicillin-binding proteins. 
D)  peptidoglycan. 
E)  cytoplasmic membranes.

Question 19

Beta-lactam drugs are only effective against growing bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Certain antimicrobials may be life-threatening.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 20: Antimicrobial Medications

Which statement about penicillins is INCORRECT?

Trimethoprim and sulfonamides have a(n)

Penicillin was discovered by

The diffusion bioassay

A high therapeutic index is

The most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of

Which of the following bacteria have an innate resistance to penicillin?

Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of

Why must vancomycin be administered intravenously except when used to treat intestinal infections?

Carbapenems are easily inactivated by the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) produced by certain Gram-negative bacteria so cannot be used to treat these infections.

Folic acid is ultimately used in the synthesis of

All members of the penicillin family have

The antimicrobials produced by some molds and bacteria are generally called

A nucleoside analog can be phosphorylated in vivo by a virally encoded or normal cellular enzyme to form a nucleotide analog-a chemical structurally similar to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Nucleotide analogs interfere with

One of the earliest antimicrobials isolated from a bacterium was

Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal microbiota are termed

Which statement about antiviral medications is INCORRECT?

Fluoroquinolones typically target

Beta-lactam drugs are only effective against growing bacteria.

Certain antimicrobials may be life-threatening.

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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