Question 1

What allows for selective toxicity in a medication?

Accepted Answer

A)  The medication acts against an essential component or biochemical process of microorganisms that does not exist in human cells. 
B)  The medication is converted into a non-toxic form by the liver in people, but remains highly toxic in bacteria which cannot process the drug. 
C)  The medication acts against an essential component or biochemical process of human cells that does not exist in microorganisms. 
D)  Only some medications cross from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid of humans. 
E)  Some medications have a very extended half-life AND only some medications cross from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid of humans. 
A)  The medication acts against an essential component or biochemical process of microorganisms that does not exist in human cells. 
B)  The medication is converted into a non-toxic form by the liver in people, but remains highly toxic in bacteria which cannot process the drug. 
C)  The medication acts against an essential component or biochemical process of human cells that does not exist in microorganisms. 
D)  Only some medications cross from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid of humans. 
E)  Some medications have a very extended half-life AND only some medications cross from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid of humans.

Question 2

Which is True of aminoglycosides?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are bacteriostatic AND they reversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. 
B)  They irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit AND they block DNA replication. 
C)  They block peptidoglycan synthesis AND they  bind to the 80S ribosomal subunit. 
D)  They are bactericidal AND they block DNA replication. 
E)  They irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit AND they are bactericidal. 
A)  They are bacteriostatic AND they reversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. 
B)  They irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit AND they block DNA replication. 
C)  They block peptidoglycan synthesis AND they  bind to the 80S ribosomal subunit. 
D)  They are bactericidal AND they block DNA replication. 
E)  They irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit AND they are bactericidal.

Question 3

Azithromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis. Ceftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic and is primarily bactericidal. This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  azithromycin kills bacterial cells while ceftriaxone inhibits the growth of bacterial cells. 
B)  bacteria are sensitive to azithromycin but are resistant to ceftriaxone. 
C)  azithromycin inhibits the growth of bacterial cells while ceftriaxone kills bacterial cells. 
D)  bacteria are resistant to azithromycin but are susceptible to ceftriaxone. 
E)  azithromycin can only be used against Gram-positive bacteria. 
A)  azithromycin kills bacterial cells while ceftriaxone inhibits the growth of bacterial cells. 
B)  bacteria are sensitive to azithromycin but are resistant to ceftriaxone. 
C)  azithromycin inhibits the growth of bacterial cells while ceftriaxone kills bacterial cells. 
D)  bacteria are resistant to azithromycin but are susceptible to ceftriaxone. 
E)  azithromycin can only be used against Gram-positive bacteria.

Question 4

If drugs are less effective when taken together than when each is taken separately, they are

Accepted Answer

A)  energetic. 
B)  antagonistic. 
C)  additive. 
D)  synergistic. 
E)  commensal. 
A)  energetic. 
B)  antagonistic. 
C)  additive. 
D)  synergistic. 
E)  commensal.

Question 5

Antiviral drugs may target all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  viral uncoating. 
B)  viral ribosomes. 
C)  nucleic acid synthesis. 
D)  viral assembly. 
E)  viral entry. 
A)  viral uncoating. 
B)  viral ribosomes. 
C)  nucleic acid synthesis. 
D)  viral assembly. 
E)  viral entry.

Question 6

Penicillin-binding proteins

Accepted Answer

A)  primarily function in the cell to bind to beta-lactam drugs. 
B)  are enzymes. 
C)  are involved in cell wall synthesis. 
D)  inhibit non-growing bacteria. 
E)  are enzymes AND are involved in cell wall synthesis. 
A)  primarily function in the cell to bind to beta-lactam drugs. 
B)  are enzymes. 
C)  are involved in cell wall synthesis. 
D)  inhibit non-growing bacteria. 
E)  are enzymes AND are involved in cell wall synthesis.

Question 7

Antibiotics are effective in treating viral infections provided that they are given early in the course of illness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Sulfonamide and trimethoprim are both

Accepted Answer

A)  examples of metabolic inhibitors. 
B)  folate inhibitors. 
C)  protein synthesis inhibitors. 
D)  inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. 
E)  examples of metabolic inhibitors AND folate inhibitors. 
A)  examples of metabolic inhibitors. 
B)  folate inhibitors. 
C)  protein synthesis inhibitors. 
D)  inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. 
E)  examples of metabolic inhibitors AND folate inhibitors.

Question 9

Viruses are completely unaffected by antibiotics because

Accepted Answer

A)  they rely almost completely on the host cell's metabolic machinery for their replication, making it difficult to find a target for selective toxicity. 
B)  they have no cell wall, ribosomes, or any other structure targeted by antibiotics. 
C)  they rely almost completely on the host cell's metabolic machinery for their replication, making it difficult to find a target for selective toxicity AND most viruses are innately resistant to broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics. 
D)  They have no cell wall, ribosomes, or any other structure targeted by antibiotics AND they rely almost completely on the host cell's metabolic machinery for their replication, making it difficult to find a target for selective toxicity. 
E)  most viruses are innately resistant to broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics. 
A)  they rely almost completely on the host cell's metabolic machinery for their replication, making it difficult to find a target for selective toxicity. 
B)  they have no cell wall, ribosomes, or any other structure targeted by antibiotics. 
C)  they rely almost completely on the host cell's metabolic machinery for their replication, making it difficult to find a target for selective toxicity AND most viruses are innately resistant to broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics. 
D)  They have no cell wall, ribosomes, or any other structure targeted by antibiotics AND they rely almost completely on the host cell's metabolic machinery for their replication, making it difficult to find a target for selective toxicity. 
E)  most viruses are innately resistant to broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 10

Please select the statement regarding antimicrobial testing that is False.

Accepted Answer

A)  Commercial tests for determining antimicrobial sensitivity are less labor-intensive and often more rapid than conventional tests. 
B)  Disc diffusion tests can determine whether an organism is susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to a variety of different antimicrobials. 
C)  The MIC and the MBC are quantitative measures of a bacterial strain's susceptibility to an antimicrobial medication. 
D)  In the Kirby-Bauer test, the clear area in which there is no visible growth of bacteria is called a zone of inhibition. 
E)  In the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test, a clear zone around the antibiotic disc following incubation indicates that the antibiotic is bactericidal. 
A)  Commercial tests for determining antimicrobial sensitivity are less labor-intensive and often more rapid than conventional tests. 
B)  Disc diffusion tests can determine whether an organism is susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to a variety of different antimicrobials. 
C)  The MIC and the MBC are quantitative measures of a bacterial strain's susceptibility to an antimicrobial medication. 
D)  In the Kirby-Bauer test, the clear area in which there is no visible growth of bacteria is called a zone of inhibition. 
E)  In the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test, a clear zone around the antibiotic disc following incubation indicates that the antibiotic is bactericidal.

Question 11

Drugs that are more effective when taken together are

Accepted Answer

A)  energetic. 
B)  antagonistic. 
C)  synergistic. 
D)  subtractive. 
E)  symbiotic. 
A)  energetic. 
B)  antagonistic. 
C)  synergistic. 
D)  subtractive. 
E)  symbiotic.

Question 12

An antibiotic made by microorganisms and modified by chemists is called

Accepted Answer

A)  anti-metabolic. 
B)  catabolic. 
C)  semi-synthetic. 
D)  synthetic. 
E)  semi-catabolic. 
A)  anti-metabolic. 
B)  catabolic. 
C)  semi-synthetic. 
D)  synthetic. 
E)  semi-catabolic.

Question 13

Which is the correct definition of selective toxicity?

Accepted Answer

A)  A medication causing greater harm to a pathogen than to the host. 
B)  A medication causing greater harm to a host than to a pathogen. 
C)  The lowest dose of a medication toxic to the pathogen. 
D)  The range between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose of a medication. 
E)  A medication that only targets Gram-negative bacteria. 
A)  A medication causing greater harm to a pathogen than to the host. 
B)  A medication causing greater harm to a host than to a pathogen. 
C)  The lowest dose of a medication toxic to the pathogen. 
D)  The range between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose of a medication. 
E)  A medication that only targets Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 14

The key characteristic of a useful antimicrobial is selective toxicity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix

Accepted Answer

A)  -cidal. 
B)  -static. 
C)  -anti. 
D)  -genic. 
E)  -acto. 
A)  -cidal. 
B)  -static. 
C)  -anti. 
D)  -genic. 
E)  -acto.

Question 16

Antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of microorganisms have the suffix

Accepted Answer

A)  -cidal. 
B)  -static. 
C)  -anti. 
D)  -genic. 
E)  -acto. 
A)  -cidal. 
B)  -static. 
C)  -anti. 
D)  -genic. 
E)  -acto.

Question 17

Antimicrobials may cause all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  allergic reactions. 
B)  toxic effects. 
C)  suppression of normal microbiota. 
D)  dysbiosis. 
E)  resistance in people. 
A)  allergic reactions. 
B)  toxic effects. 
C)  suppression of normal microbiota. 
D)  dysbiosis. 
E)  resistance in people.

Question 18

Antimicrobials that have a high therapeutic index are less toxic to the patient.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Penicillin is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  β-lactam antibiotic and has a low therapeutic index, meaning that it is of high toxicity to the host. 
B)  carbapenam and is thus resistant to extended spectrum β-lactamases. 
C)  glycopeptide antibiotic and is thus used as an antibiotic of last resort. 
D)  β-lactam antibiotic and has a high therapeutic index, meaning that it is of low toxicity to the host. 
E)  aminoglycoside and may sometimes cause kidney damage. 
A)  β-lactam antibiotic and has a low therapeutic index, meaning that it is of high toxicity to the host. 
B)  carbapenam and is thus resistant to extended spectrum β-lactamases. 
C)  glycopeptide antibiotic and is thus used as an antibiotic of last resort. 
D)  β-lactam antibiotic and has a high therapeutic index, meaning that it is of low toxicity to the host. 
E)  aminoglycoside and may sometimes cause kidney damage.

Question 20

Viruses are very effectively treated with antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 20: Antimicrobial Medications

What allows for selective toxicity in a medication?

Which is True of aminoglycosides?

Azithromycin is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis. Ceftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic and is primarily bactericidal. This means that

If drugs are less effective when taken together than when each is taken separately, they are

Antiviral drugs may target all of the following EXCEPT

Penicillin-binding proteins

Antibiotics are effective in treating viral infections provided that they are given early in the course of illness.

Sulfonamide and trimethoprim are both

Viruses are completely unaffected by antibiotics because

Please select the statement regarding antimicrobial testing that is False.

Drugs that are more effective when taken together are

An antibiotic made by microorganisms and modified by chemists is called

Which is the correct definition of selective toxicity?

The key characteristic of a useful antimicrobial is selective toxicity.

Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix

Antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of microorganisms have the suffix

Antimicrobials may cause all of the following EXCEPT

Antimicrobials that have a high therapeutic index are less toxic to the patient.

Penicillin is a(n)

Viruses are very effectively treated with antibiotics.

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

Filters