Question 1

How can an open reading frame (ORF) be used to determine the location of a protein- encoding gene?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary, but an ORF is often predicted by identifying a start codon, followed by a nucleotide sequence, and a terminating nonsense codon in the same reading frame. Once an ORF is predicted using computational (i.e., bioinformatics) methods, it then is possible for a geneticist to identify the mRNA transcript to confirm the ORF is a gene. From the ORF sequence, the amino acid sequence can be predicted, which aids in the biochemical characterization of the translated protein.

Question 2

The template for RNA polymerase is _________, and the RNA chain growth is________ the chain growth of DNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA / the opposite of 
B)  DNA / identical to 
C)  an independent RNA segment / the opposite of 
D)  an independent RNA segment / identical to 
A)  DNA / the opposite of 
B)  DNA / identical to 
C)  an independent RNA segment / the opposite of 
D)  an independent RNA segment / identical to B

Question 3

tRNA is released from the ribosome at the_________ site.

Accepted Answer

A)  E 
B)  A 
C)  P 
D)  R 
A)  E 
B)  A 
C)  P 
D)  R A

Question 4

Explain the A site, the P site, and the E site in terms of the ribosomal subunits.

Accepted Answer

A theme to this answer should be how a r

Question 5

rRNA has a functional role in all stages of protein synthesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Explain the function of the helicases.

Accepted Answer

Helicase enzymes require energy from ATP

Question 7

Speculate on why it may be problematic to clone a gene from a prokaryote into a eukaryote.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Speculate on why it may be problematic...

Question 8

The genetic material in a virus is technically called a plasmid.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

AT- rich DNA will denature/melt

Accepted Answer

A)  at a lower temperature than GC- rich DNA. 
B)  at a higher temperature than GC- rich DNA. 
C)  usually at the same temperature as GC- rich DNA, with some minor variations. 
D)  in accordance with the animal or plant from which it was taken. 
A)  at a lower temperature than GC- rich DNA. 
B)  at a higher temperature than GC- rich DNA. 
C)  usually at the same temperature as GC- rich DNA, with some minor variations. 
D)  in accordance with the animal or plant from which it was taken.

Question 10

Explain why DNA, RNA, and proteins are often called informational macromolecules.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why DNA, RNA, and proteins are...

Question 11

Explain the difference between an intrinsic terminator and a Rho- dependent termination site.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic terminators occur at the nucle

Question 12

The genetic code is conventionally written as ________rather than _________, because that is the molecule with which the translation process occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The genetic code is conventionally written as...

Question 13

Termination of RNA synthesis is ultimately determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  CG- rich sequences followed by AT- rich sequences. 
B)  exhaustion of RNA polymerase activity. 
C)  specific nucleotide sequences on the template strand. 
D)  special protein factors. 
A)  CG- rich sequences followed by AT- rich sequences. 
B)  exhaustion of RNA polymerase activity. 
C)  specific nucleotide sequences on the template strand. 
D)  special protein factors.

Question 14

Explain the differences between viruses and plasmids.

Accepted Answer

A major difference between a p

Question 15

The flow of biological information begins with

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA transcription. 
B)  transcriptional regulation. 
C)  DNA replication. 
D)  mRNA translation. 
A)  RNA transcription. 
B)  transcriptional regulation. 
C)  DNA replication. 
D)  mRNA translation.

Question 16

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies a specific DNA sequence up to a billion- fold.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Most plasmids are

Accepted Answer

A)  replicated in conjunction with the chromosome. 
B)  linear, though a few are circular. 
C)  found in eukaryotic cells, though a few are found in prokaryotic cells. 
D)  double- stranded DNA, though a few are not. 
A)  replicated in conjunction with the chromosome. 
B)  linear, though a few are circular. 
C)  found in eukaryotic cells, though a few are found in prokaryotic cells. 
D)  double- stranded DNA, though a few are not.

Question 18

DNA replication is bidirectional in prokaryotes with circular chromosomes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The structure and function of a protein are determined by its ________sequence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The structure and function of a protein...

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of one codon?

Accepted Answer

A)  CCGUAA 
B)  CATT 
C)  GCCATT 
D)  CAG 
A)  CCGUAA 
B)  CATT 
C)  GCCATT 
D)  CAG

Exam 6: Molecular Biology of Bacteria

How can an open reading frame (ORF) be used to determine the location of a protein- encoding gene?

The template for RNA polymerase is _________, and the RNA chain growth is________ the chain growth of DNA.

tRNA is released from the ribosome at the_________ site.

Explain the A site, the P site, and the E site in terms of the ribosomal subunits.

rRNA has a functional role in all stages of protein synthesis.

Explain the function of the helicases.

Speculate on why it may be problematic to clone a gene from a prokaryote into a eukaryote.

The genetic material in a virus is technically called a plasmid.

AT- rich DNA will denature/melt

Explain why DNA, RNA, and proteins are often called informational macromolecules.

Explain the difference between an intrinsic terminator and a Rho- dependent termination site.

The genetic code is conventionally written as ________rather than _________, because that is the molecule with which the translation process occurs.

Termination of RNA synthesis is ultimately determined by

Explain the differences between viruses and plasmids.

The flow of biological information begins with

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies a specific DNA sequence up to a billion- fold.

Most plasmids are

DNA replication is bidirectional in prokaryotes with circular chromosomes.

The structure and function of a protein are determined by its ________sequence.

Which of the following is an example of one codon?

Microorganisms and Microbiology

A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea

Nutrition, Culture, and Metabolism of Microorganisms

Microbial Growth

Archael and Eukaryotic Molecular Biology

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses and Virology

Genetics of Bacteria and Arachaea

Genetic Engineering

Microbial Genomics

Phototrophy, Chemolithotrophy, and Major Biosyntheses

Catabolism of Organic Compounds

Commercial Products and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Bacteria: the Proteobacteria

Other Bacteria

Archaea

Eukaryotic Cell Biology and Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Viral Diversity

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Major Microbial Habitats and Diversity

Nutrient Cycles, Biodegradation, and Bioremediation

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Growth Control

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Microbial Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Microbial Pathogens

Wastewater Treatment, Water Purification, and Waterborne Microbial Diseases

Food Preservation and Foodborne Microbial Diseases

Filters

The template for RNA polymerase is _, and the RNA chain growth is the chain growth of DNA.

The genetic code is conventionally written as rather than _, because that is the molecule with which the translation process occurs.