Exam 2: Theories

According to _____ theory, biologically based drives work to ensure that individuals survive and reproduce.

According to Freud, the first stage of psychosexual development during infancy is the anal stage.

First, describe classical and operant conditioning. Second, name the researcher who identified classical conditioning and the researcher who identified operant conditioning.

A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is a _____.

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is inner drives, motives, and _____ needs.

Tanner received praise for his aggressive defense in the basketball game. This encouraged him to play aggressive defense in the next game. In this example, praise was operating as a _____ for Tanner.

Which is the correct order of the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory, beginning with infancy and ending with the preschool years?

Selective _____ is the process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment.

The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory, is referred to as the _____ perspective.

In the United States in the 1950s, most children experienced their first taste of freedom when they learned to ride a bike and were allowed to ride it unsupervised in their neighborhood. Today, children are much older when they first experience this kind of freedom. The _____ has changed between the 1950s and now.

Within Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, each of the developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or _____.

Social learning theory compares human thinking processes to computer analysis of data.

Explain social learning theory. Where does it come from, and what does it emphasize? Then describe the concept of modeling and indicate at least three reasons that a model is likely to be copied.

The modeling of behavior is more likely to occur when the model is _____.

Theories can produce hypotheses, generate _____, and offer practical guidance.

Which Russian theorist emphasized the cultural context?

Each developmental theory has received severe criticism. The _____ theory has been criticized for undervaluing emotions.

Within the information-processing perspective, what is the correct sequential order for producing cognition?

A _____ theory is a systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time.

Within Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the novice should do which of the following to guide and inspire the more skilled member of society?