Exam 2: Theories

Define information-processing theory. According to this theory, what is the process that underlies cognition?

The sociocultural approach to understanding development often focuses on differences among people. Sociocultural scientists focus on differences in which of the following areas?

Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.

According to Piaget, intellectual advancement occurs because of cognitive _____.

According to evolutionary theory, every species shares the biologically based drives for _____.

According to evolutionary theory, every species has two long-standing, biologically based drives: survival and reproduction.

Which theory of development emphasized unconscious drives and early experiences, and which emphasized learning by association, reinforcement, or observation?

Describe the two biologically based drives associated with evolutionary theory and explain how selective adaptation relates to this theory.

Einen is within Vygotsky's zone of proximal development for acquiring the ability to play checkers. Einen should do which of the following to guide and inspire her father to assist her in gaining this ability?

The approach to cognitive development that focuses on the processes of thought instead of stages is called _____ theory.

Critics of sociocultural theory argue that it is _____.

When others copy the actions that a person performs, they are _____ certain behaviors.

Jenny has never seen a pear before today. As her mom hands one to Jenny, she says, "This is a pear. It is a fruit." Jenny knows that apples and bananas are fruits and that she likes eating them, so she has a reference for this new experience. Jenny is experiencing _____.

The theories that have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on development are _____ theories.

Psychoanalytic theories contend that _____ underlie human behavior.

_____ has/have shown the effect that immediate response, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time.

A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to the input, programming, memory, and output of computer analysis is _____.

Theories can do which of the following?

A person observes the actions of others and copies them. Social learning theorists would call this an example of _____.

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society.