Chat with AIExam 2: Theories
List Piaget's four stages of cognitive development in order, and explain what Piaget believed causes intellectual advancement.
(87) 
VerifiedThe four stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. According to Piaget, cognitive equilibrium causes intellectual advancement because humans seek mental balance. Disequilibrium can cause cognitive growth if people change their thinking through assimilation or accommodation. 
Define eclectic perspective and provide an example of how a clinician might use this approach to explain a case of childhood aggression.
(84) VerifiedThe approach taken by most developmentalists is to apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory. Childhood aggression should be explained from the perspective of at least two competing theories: psychoanalytic (e.g., inner drives), behaviorism (e.g., learned from observation), cognitive (e.g., beliefs that aggression is good or helpful), sociocultural (e.g., may need to be aggressive to be successful in one's culture), and universal (e.g., humans evolved to be aggressive in order to survive and reproduce). 
In _____ conditioning, a person takes an action that is followed by a consequence.
(83) Verifiedoperant; instrumental
Jimmy watches his friend kick a soccer ball into the goal. Later that day, Jimmy finds a soccer ball and proceeds to kick it into the goal. Jimmy most likely engaged in the same behavior as his friend due to _____.
(81) After visiting the doctor's office several times and receiving a shot each time, Erin now tenses and cries when her mother pulls into the doctor's parking lot. Erin's response is due to _____ conditioning.
(70) Theories can produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, and offer practical _____.
(78) Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is consistent with _____.
(69) The theories which stress that human impulses need to be recognized before they can be guided are _____ theories.
(85) According to sociocultural theory, human development is the result of an interaction between developing persons and their _____.
(64) Psychoanalytic theories hold that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in _____, underlie human behavior.
(88) Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise provide an example of _____.
(91) Why have human genes evolved more rapidly than those of other species?
(92) Critics of psychoanalytic theory argue that the theory _____.
(84) Piaget's first stage of cognitive development is the preoperational stage.
(61) 
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