Exam 2: Theories

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point it was suggested that parents toilet-train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is consistent with _____.

Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person more likely to repeat that behavior is called a(n) _____.

Skinner believed that psychology should focus on the study of behavior. The type of conditioning that Skinner identified was _____.

Different theories and diverse parental practices are associated with toilet training. According to the text, what is the best method for toilet training?

A psychologist who uses an eclectic approach during therapy _____.

Koji is 4 years old and has just "baked a cake" by mixing together applesauce, smashed up Cheerios, and chocolate syrup. He very proudly presents the cake to his mother, declaring, "I made this cake for you!" Koji seems to be in Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt, and he might develop lifelong guilt if his mother _____.

A state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas is called _____.

Unlike Freud, Erikson _____.

The grandmother hypothesis suggests that _____.

The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multidisciplinary. For example, _____ theory draws on anthropology.

Adofo is within the zone of proximal development for acquiring the ability to write his name. His mother's role as the more skilled member of society is to _____ in order to help Adofo learn.

Alexei is a 6-month-old infant. When he cries in the middle of the night, one of his parents quickly comes to see what he needs. It is probably advisable that his parents continue to respond reliably, because Alexei is in Erikson's _____ stage of development.

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, the person or animal is exhibiting _____.

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, _____ is when new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas.

The idea that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society is the central thesis of _____ theory.

Describe what Vygotsky meant by "apprenticeship in thinking" and "guided participation" and give an example of each.

Vygotsky developed the concept of _____, which is the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

According to Freud, the _____ stage is the first stage of psychosexual development.

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which stage centers around breast-feeding and weaning?

According to Vygotsky, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as _____.