Exam 2: Theories

The central thesis of _____ theory is that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society.

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate observations that have been made about human growth is referred to as a _____ theory.

Freud's theory of psychosexual development and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development are two examples of psychoanalytic theory. First, describe two similarities of the theories. Second, describe two differences between the theories.

Name four kinds of developmental theories and describe how they have contributed to science's understanding of human development.

Johnny is 12 years old and has been aggressive toward his siblings and peers by hitting, kicking, and calling them names. Johnny's parents are worried about these new aggressive behaviors and consult with a psychologist, who suggests that this behavior could be the result of unconscious drives originating from conflicts during early development. The psychologist's explanation for the aggression is consistent with _____.

An explanation of facts and observations defined by a set of concepts and ideas that organize phenomena is a _____.

Pavlov's experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called _____.

Hannah theorized that sleep helps people act in safer ways. She tested her theory by conducting an experiment. She manipulated the amount of sleep participants got and then tested participants' driving ability. Hannah learned that participants who got more sleep were safer drivers. In this example, Hannah's theory led her to _____.

Which of the following was a cognitive theorist?

Behaviorism is a type of _____ theory.

Johnny is 12 years old and has been aggressive toward his siblings and peers by hitting, kicking, and calling them names. Johnny's parents are worried about these new acts of aggression and consult with a psychologist, who suggests that this aggression could be a result of watching too many violent movies and playing too many violent video games. The psychologist's explanation for the aggression is consistent with _____.

The behaviorist most associated with operant conditioning is _____.

The theories that have reminded us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted cultural context, evident in every social interaction, are _____ theories.

Psychoanalytic theory originated with _____.

Vygotsky said that each person develops with the guidance of more skilled members of the society, who are tutors or mentors in a(n) _____ in thinking.

The process by which a response becomes linked to a particular consequence is called _____.

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is inner drives, motives, and unconscious needs.

Freud believed that by _____, psychosexual development was complete.

Lilly's 12-year-old son used to get out of bed easily and early on school days, but lately he has been hard to wake. While reading a parenting book, Lilly came across the theory of "delayed phase of preference," in which sleep patterns shift when young people start to go through puberty. In this example, a theory helped Lilly _____.