Question 1

Which of the following conditions stimulate the chemoreceptors?
I.Hypercapnia
II.Acidemia
III.Hypoxia
IV.Alkalemia

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  III, IV 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  II, III, IV 
A)  I, II 
B)  III, IV 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  II, III, IV

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true of the peripheral chemoreceptors?
I.They account for only 20% to 30% of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia.
II.Unlike the central chemoreceptors, the carotid bodies are directly exposed to arterial blood.
III.The initial ventilatory response to metabolic acidosis is fairly quick.
IV.They are the most important mechanisms that respond to hypercapnia.

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, III 
A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, III

Question 3

How much does minute ventilation increase for each 1 mm Hg rise in PaCO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 to 2 L/min 
B)  2 to 3 L/min 
C)  4 to 5 L/min 
D)  5 to 6 L/min 
A)  1 to 2 L/min 
B)  2 to 3 L/min 
C)  4 to 5 L/min 
D)  5 to 6 L/min

Question 4

What is the explanation for the minor importance of oxygen in controlling ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen molecules compete with CO2 levels. 
B)  Oxygen molecules are fewer than CO2 molecules. 
C)  Oxygen molecules do not cross the blood-brain barrier. 
D)  Oxygen molecules have no effect on the medullary chemoreceptors. 
A)  Oxygen molecules compete with CO2 levels. 
B)  Oxygen molecules are fewer than CO2 molecules. 
C)  Oxygen molecules do not cross the blood-brain barrier. 
D)  Oxygen molecules have no effect on the medullary chemoreceptors.

Question 5

Which of the following describes Biot's breathing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tidal volume gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea without changes in respiratory rate. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again. 
B)  The respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and then gradually decrease to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume and breathing frequency gradually increase again. 
C)  The respiratory rate gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea but tidal volume has essentially the same depth. Then the breathing frequency gradually increases again. 
D)  Tidal volume gradually decreases to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again, repeating the cycle. 
A)  Tidal volume gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea without changes in respiratory rate. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again. 
B)  The respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and then gradually decrease to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume and breathing frequency gradually increase again. 
C)  The respiratory rate gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea but tidal volume has essentially the same depth. Then the breathing frequency gradually increases again. 
D)  Tidal volume gradually decreases to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again, repeating the cycle.

Question 6

Which of the following statement are true regarding the use of hyperventilation in the management of patients with TBI?
I.Hyperventilation is effective for only about 24 to 48 hours.
II.Hyperventilating patients with TBI to a PaCO2 less than 30 mm Hg increases the danger of cerebral ischemia.
III.Every patient with TBI should be hyperventilated, at least during the first 24 hours.
IV.Hyperventilation therapy should be considered only for patients with high ICPs.

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, IV 
A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, IV

Question 7

Which of the following mechanisms explains ventilatory stimulation caused by hypoxemia in COPD patients with moderate hypoxemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypoxemia raises the peripheral chemoreceptors' sensitivity to [H+]. 
B)  Hypoxemia stimulates central chemoreceptors. 
C)  Hypoxemia raises the central chemoreceptors' sensitivity to [H+]. 
D)  Hypoxemia raises the peripheral chemoreceptors' sensitivity to [CO2]. 
A)  Hypoxemia raises the peripheral chemoreceptors' sensitivity to [H+]. 
B)  Hypoxemia stimulates central chemoreceptors. 
C)  Hypoxemia raises the central chemoreceptors' sensitivity to [H+]. 
D)  Hypoxemia raises the peripheral chemoreceptors' sensitivity to [CO2].

Question 8

Which of the following reflexes may be involved in periodic deep sighs and stimulating the first breaths of a newborn baby?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hering-Breuer reflex 
B)  Head's reflex 
C)  Stretch reflex 
D)  Bötzinger reflex 
A)  Hering-Breuer reflex 
B)  Head's reflex 
C)  Stretch reflex 
D)  Bötzinger reflex

Question 9

Which of the following events are feasible explanations for the oxygen-associated hypercapnia that sometimes affects patients who have severe COPD?
I.Hypoxic stimulus removal
II.Worsening of $\dot{V} / \dot{Q} $ relationships
III.As PaO2 increases, the slow reduction in PaCO2 induces hypoventilation.
IV.Shunt

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II 
A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II

Question 10

Which of the following statements describes apneusis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by occasional expirations 
B)  Prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by apnea 
C)  Prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by frequent expirations 
D)  Short inspiratory gasps interrupted by occasional expirations 
A)  Prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by occasional expirations 
B)  Prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by apnea 
C)  Prolonged inspiratory gasps interrupted by frequent expirations 
D)  Short inspiratory gasps interrupted by occasional expirations

Question 11

Which of the following conditions produces the strongest stimulation of the J-receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pneumonia 
B)  Pneumothorax 
C)  Pleural effusion 
D)  Lung cancer 
A)  Pneumonia 
B)  Pneumothorax 
C)  Pleural effusion 
D)  Lung cancer

Question 12

What is the clinical importance of the periodic deep sighs during quiet breathing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Help prevent alveolar collapse or atelectasis 
B)  Maintain the normal breathing pattern 
C)  Help prevent apneustic breathing patterns 
D)  Promote coughing 
A)  Help prevent alveolar collapse or atelectasis 
B)  Maintain the normal breathing pattern 
C)  Help prevent apneustic breathing patterns 
D)  Promote coughing

Question 13

Why are COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia unable to hyperventilate to decrease their PaCO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  The central chemoreceptors respond only to O2 concentration changes, not to changes in CO2. 
B)  The central chemoreceptors are insensitive to acute or chronic changes in PaCO2. 
C)  The central chemoreceptors respond to [H+], not the CO2 molecule. 
D)  The central chemoreceptors do not respond to changes in hydrogen ion concentration or PaCO2. 
A)  The central chemoreceptors respond only to O2 concentration changes, not to changes in CO2. 
B)  The central chemoreceptors are insensitive to acute or chronic changes in PaCO2. 
C)  The central chemoreceptors respond to [H+], not the CO2 molecule. 
D)  The central chemoreceptors do not respond to changes in hydrogen ion concentration or PaCO2.

Question 14

Which of the following respiratory centers controls the length of inspiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  DRG 
B)  VRG 
C)  Pneumotaxic 
D)  Apneustic 
A)  DRG 
B)  VRG 
C)  Pneumotaxic 
D)  Apneustic

Question 15

Which of the following patterns describes Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tidal volume gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea without changes in respiratory rate. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again. 
B)  Respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and then gradually decrease to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume and breathing frequency gradually increase again. 
C)  The respiratory rate gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea but tidal volume has essentially the same depth. Then the breathing frequency gradually increases again. 
D)  Tidal volume gradually decreases to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again, repeating the cycle. 
A)  Tidal volume gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea without changes in respiratory rate. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again. 
B)  Respiratory rate and tidal volume gradually increase and then gradually decrease to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume and breathing frequency gradually increase again. 
C)  The respiratory rate gradually increases and then gradually decreases to complete apnea but tidal volume has essentially the same depth. Then the breathing frequency gradually increases again. 
D)  Tidal volume gradually decreases to complete apnea. Then the tidal volume gradually increases again, repeating the cycle.

Which of the following conditions stimulate the chemoreceptors? I.Hypercapnia II.Acidemia III.Hypoxia IV.Alkalemia

How much does minute ventilation increase for each 1 mm Hg rise in PaCO₂?

What is the explanation for the minor importance of oxygen in controlling ventilation?

Which of the following describes Biot's breathing?

Which of the following mechanisms explains ventilatory stimulation caused by hypoxemia in COPD patients with moderate hypoxemia?

Which of the following reflexes may be involved in periodic deep sighs and stimulating the first breaths of a newborn baby?

Which of the following statements describes apneusis?

Which of the following conditions produces the strongest stimulation of the J-receptors?

What is the clinical importance of the periodic deep sighs during quiet breathing?

Why are COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia unable to hyperventilate to decrease their PaCO₂?

Which of the following respiratory centers controls the length of inspiration?

Which of the following patterns describes Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

Exam 11: Control of Ventilation

Which of the following conditions stimulate the chemoreceptors? I.Hypercapnia II.Acidemia III.Hypoxia IV.Alkalemia

How much does minute ventilation increase for each 1 mm Hg rise in PaCO2?

What is the explanation for the minor importance of oxygen in controlling ventilation?

Which of the following describes Biot's breathing?

Which of the following mechanisms explains ventilatory stimulation caused by hypoxemia in COPD patients with moderate hypoxemia?

Which of the following reflexes may be involved in periodic deep sighs and stimulating the first breaths of a newborn baby?

Which of the following statements describes apneusis?

Which of the following conditions produces the strongest stimulation of the J-receptors?

What is the clinical importance of the periodic deep sighs during quiet breathing?

Why are COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia unable to hyperventilate to decrease their PaCO2?

Which of the following respiratory centers controls the length of inspiration?

Which of the following patterns describes Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

How much does minute ventilation increase for each 1 mm Hg rise in PaCO₂?

Why are COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia unable to hyperventilate to decrease their PaCO₂?