Question 1

What is the best word to define elastance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compliance 
B)  Recoil 
C)  Airway resistance 
D)  Inflation 
A)  Compliance 
B)  Recoil 
C)  Airway resistance 
D)  Inflation B

Question 2

Which of the following ventilatory strategies is useful in managing a patient with status asthmaticus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreasing inspiratory flow rates 
B)  Increasing inspiratory flow rates 
C)  Shortening the expiratory time 
D)  Lengthening the inspiratory time 
A)  Decreasing inspiratory flow rates 
B)  Increasing inspiratory flow rates 
C)  Shortening the expiratory time 
D)  Lengthening the inspiratory time B

Question 3

The presence of high lung elastance will produce which of the following effects on a quiet, passive exhalation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The expiratory time will be shorter. 
B)  The inspiratory time will be shorter. 
C)  The expiratory time will be longer. 
D)  The inspiratory time will be longer. 
A)  The expiratory time will be shorter. 
B)  The inspiratory time will be shorter. 
C)  The expiratory time will be longer. 
D)  The inspiratory time will be longer. A

Question 4

At the end of a spontaneous 500 mL inspiration, the PA is 0 mm Hg, and at the end of a positive pressure lung inflation to 500 mL, PA is 10 mm Hg.Why does the lung contain the same volume at these two different alveolar pressures?

Accepted Answer

A)  The volume is the same regardless of the type of breath. 
B)  That is the lung capacity. 
C)  The pressure gradient is the same. 
D)  The flow gradient is the same. 
A)  The volume is the same regardless of the type of breath. 
B)  That is the lung capacity. 
C)  The pressure gradient is the same. 
D)  The flow gradient is the same.

Question 5

Which of the following are true physiological benefits of surfactant?
I.It reduces the work of breathing.
II.It reduces the distending pressure required to keep small alveoli open.
III.It provides a stabilizing influence to alveoli of different sizes.
IV.It enhances the elastic properties of the lung.

Accepted Answer

A)  III, IV 
B)  I, II, III 
C)  I, II, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV 
A)  III, IV 
B)  I, II, III 
C)  I, II, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV

Question 6

A female approximately 25 years old was thrown from a vehicle and sustained a penetrating wound to her left chest.The wound is deep and emits a sucking sound with each inspiration.The woman is complaining of severe left chest pain and has no breath sounds over the left side of the chest.Her trachea is in the midline position.What is the most probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Left-sided pulmonary contusion 
B)  Right-sided atelectasis 
C)  Left-sided non-tension pneumothorax 
D)  Left-sided tension pneumothorax 
A)  Left-sided pulmonary contusion 
B)  Right-sided atelectasis 
C)  Left-sided non-tension pneumothorax 
D)  Left-sided tension pneumothorax

Question 7

According to Laplace's law, if surface tension remains constant, what will happen to small alveoli?

Accepted Answer

A)  They will receive volume from larger alveoli. 
B)  They will retain the same volume even at the end of an exhalation. 
C)  They will require a lower distending pressure. 
D)  They will empty into larger alveoli. 
A)  They will receive volume from larger alveoli. 
B)  They will retain the same volume even at the end of an exhalation. 
C)  They will require a lower distending pressure. 
D)  They will empty into larger alveoli.

Question 8

What are the tests that are considered the "gold standard" for determining fetal lung maturity?
I.L/S ratio
II.DPPC measurement
III.PG in amniotic fluid
IV.Lamellar body count

Accepted Answer

A)  I, III 
B)  III, IV 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  I, III, IV 
A)  I, III 
B)  III, IV 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  I, III, IV

Question 9

What is the minimum MIP required to confirm adequacy of ventilatory muscle strength?

Accepted Answer

A)  More than -20 cm H2O 
B)  Less than -20 cm H2O 
C)  More than -40 cm H2O 
D)  Less than 50 cm H2O 
A)  More than -20 cm H2O 
B)  Less than -20 cm H2O 
C)  More than -40 cm H2O 
D)  Less than 50 cm H2O

Question 10

When lung inflation pressure is increased from 10 cm H2O to 20 cm H2O, what happens to the alveolar size?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increases by 50% 
B)  Increases by 100% 
C)  Does not change but more alveoli are recruited 
D)  Increases by 50% and more alveoli are recruited 
A)  Increases by 50% 
B)  Increases by 100% 
C)  Does not change but more alveoli are recruited 
D)  Increases by 50% and more alveoli are recruited

Question 11

What is considered the "gold standard" index of diaphragmatic fatigue?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tension-time index of the diaphragm 
B)  Plateau pressure 
C)  Low inflection determination 
D)  Duty cycle 
A)  Tension-time index of the diaphragm 
B)  Plateau pressure 
C)  Low inflection determination 
D)  Duty cycle

Question 12

A patient's PIP has increased significantly since the last measurement 2 hours ago.It is noticed that the Pplat has not changed.What is the most probable explanation for the increased PIP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased lung compliance 
B)  Increased airway resistance 
C)  Decreased lung compliance 
D)  Decreased airway resistance 
A)  Increased lung compliance 
B)  Increased airway resistance 
C)  Decreased lung compliance 
D)  Decreased airway resistance

Question 13

Although an increased use of accessory ventilatory muscles coupled with rapid, shallow breathing may signal impending diaphragmatic fatigue, which of the following signs is typically seen in critically ill patients with ventilatory failure and diaphragmatic fatigue?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retractions 
B)  Cyanosis 
C)  Abdominal paradox 
D)  Stridor 
A)  Retractions 
B)  Cyanosis 
C)  Abdominal paradox 
D)  Stridor

Question 14

Auto-PEEP is known to increase WOB in spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients.Which of the following maneuvers will reduce auto-PEEP in both types of patients?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing CL 
B)  Promoting a breath hold 
C)  Shortening the expiratory time 
D)  Lengthening the expiratory time 
A)  Increasing CL 
B)  Promoting a breath hold 
C)  Shortening the expiratory time 
D)  Lengthening the expiratory time

Question 15

What is the normal lung compliance (CL)?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.1 L/cm H2O 
B) 0.2 L/cm H2O 
C) 0.3 L/cm H2O 
D) 0.4 L/cm H2O 
A) 0.1 L/cm H2O 
B) 0.2 L/cm H2O 
C) 0.3 L/cm H2O 
D) 0.4 L/cm H2O

Question 16

What is the normal CLT?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.1 L/cm H2O 
B) 0.2 L/cm H2O 
C) 0.3 L/cm H2O 
D) 0.4 L/cm H2O 
A) 0.1 L/cm H2O 
B) 0.2 L/cm H2O 
C) 0.3 L/cm H2O 
D) 0.4 L/cm H2O

Question 17

Patients with pulmonary fibrosis tend to have rapid and shallow respiration.Which of the following lung conditions explains their breathing pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  High compliance 
B)  High elastance 
C)  High airway resistance 
D)  High peak airway pressures 
A)  High compliance 
B)  High elastance 
C)  High airway resistance 
D)  High peak airway pressures

Question 18

Which of the following conditions are associated with the presence of air trapping and auto-PEEP?
I.High airway resistance
II.Weak lung recoil force
III.High breathing rates
IV.Short expiratory times

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  I, III, IV 
A)  I, II 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  I, III, IV

Question 19

Which of the following statements explains why compliance is greater in the adult than the infant?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infant lungs are smaller and accept less volume for a given pressure. 
B)  Adult lungs are larger and accept less volume for a given pressure. 
C)  The infant lung is more elastic. 
D)  The adult lung is more elastic. 
A)  Infant lungs are smaller and accept less volume for a given pressure. 
B)  Adult lungs are larger and accept less volume for a given pressure. 
C)  The infant lung is more elastic. 
D)  The adult lung is more elastic.

Question 20

What is the normal composition of the surfactant?

Accepted Answer

A)  90% phospholipid and 10% protein 
B)  50% phospholipid and 50% protein 
C)  10% phospholipid and 90% protein 
D)  30% phospholipid and 70% protein 
A)  90% phospholipid and 10% protein 
B)  50% phospholipid and 50% protein 
C)  10% phospholipid and 90% protein 
D)  30% phospholipid and 70% protein

Exam 3: Mechanics of Ventilation

What is the best word to define elastance?

Which of the following ventilatory strategies is useful in managing a patient with status asthmaticus?

The presence of high lung elastance will produce which of the following effects on a quiet, passive exhalation?

At the end of a spontaneous 500 mL inspiration, the PA is 0 mm Hg, and at the end of a positive pressure lung inflation to 500 mL, PA is 10 mm Hg.Why does the lung contain the same volume at these two different alveolar pressures?

According to Laplace's law, if surface tension remains constant, what will happen to small alveoli?

What are the tests that are considered the "gold standard" for determining fetal lung maturity? I.L/S ratio II.DPPC measurement III.PG in amniotic fluid IV.Lamellar body count

What is the minimum MIP required to confirm adequacy of ventilatory muscle strength?

When lung inflation pressure is increased from 10 cm H2O to 20 cm H2O, what happens to the alveolar size?

What is considered the "gold standard" index of diaphragmatic fatigue?

A patient's PIP has increased significantly since the last measurement 2 hours ago.It is noticed that the Pplat has not changed.What is the most probable explanation for the increased PIP?

Although an increased use of accessory ventilatory muscles coupled with rapid, shallow breathing may signal impending diaphragmatic fatigue, which of the following signs is typically seen in critically ill patients with ventilatory failure and diaphragmatic fatigue?

Auto-PEEP is known to increase WOB in spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients.Which of the following maneuvers will reduce auto-PEEP in both types of patients?

What is the normal lung compliance (CL)?

What is the normal CLT?

Patients with pulmonary fibrosis tend to have rapid and shallow respiration.Which of the following lung conditions explains their breathing pattern?

Which of the following conditions are associated with the presence of air trapping and auto-PEEP? I.High airway resistance II.Weak lung recoil force III.High breathing rates IV.Short expiratory times

Which of the following statements explains why compliance is greater in the adult than the infant?

What is the normal composition of the surfactant?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

When lung inflation pressure is increased from 10 cm H₂O to 20 cm H₂O, what happens to the alveolar size?

A patient's PIP has increased significantly since the last measurement 2 hours ago.It is noticed that the P_plat has not changed.What is the most probable explanation for the increased PIP?

What is the normal C_LT?