Question 1

The ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia decreases to approximately which level in subjects age 64 years and older?

Accepted Answer

A)  30% 
B)  40% 
C)  50% 
D)  60% 
A)  30% 
B)  40% 
C)  50% 
D)  60% C

Question 2

What is the lung function of a healthy 70-year-old in comparison with that of a 30-year-old?

Accepted Answer

A)  Approximately 50% 
B)  Approximately 40% 
C)  Approximately 30% 
D)  Approximately 20% 
A)  Approximately 50% 
B)  Approximately 40% 
C)  Approximately 30% 
D)  Approximately 20% A

Question 3

Which of the following is the best explanation for the reduction in heart rate with aging?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in valvular function 
B)  Decline in ventricular filling 
C)  Decline in atrial filling 
D)  Reduction of sinus node pacemaker cells 
A)  Decrease in valvular function 
B)  Decline in ventricular filling 
C)  Decline in atrial filling 
D)  Reduction of sinus node pacemaker cells D

Question 4

Which of the following is the most important physiological change in myocardial function?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in valvular function 
B)  Decline in ventricular filling 
C)  Decline in atrial filling 
D)  Reduction of sinus node pacemaker cells 
A)  Decrease in valvular function 
B)  Decline in ventricular filling 
C)  Decline in atrial filling 
D)  Reduction of sinus node pacemaker cells

Question 5

Which of the following is the most common cause of dehydration in the frail elderly?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diuretic therapy 
B)  Diarrhea 
C)  Vomiting 
D)  Decreased fluid intake 
A)  Diuretic therapy 
B)  Diarrhea 
C)  Vomiting 
D)  Decreased fluid intake

Question 6

Which is the fastest-growing age group in the United States, as well as the world?

Accepted Answer

A)  Those age 80 years and older 
B)  Those age 85 years and older 
C)  Those age 90 years and older 
D)  Those age 95 years and older 
A)  Those age 80 years and older 
B)  Those age 85 years and older 
C)  Those age 90 years and older 
D)  Those age 95 years and older

Question 7

What is the renal function of a healthy 70-year-old in comparison with that of a 30-year-old?

Accepted Answer

A)  Approximately 50% 
B)  Approximately 40% 
C)  Approximately 30% 
D)  Approximately 20% 
A)  Approximately 50% 
B)  Approximately 40% 
C)  Approximately 30% 
D)  Approximately 20%

Question 8

Which of the following statements are true of changes in airway clearance mechanisms in older patients?
I.Inflammatory responses decrease.
II.Mucociliary clearance rates are faster.
III.Humoral and cell-mediated immunity decreases.
IV.Respiratory muscles are weakened.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, III, IV 
B)  II, IV 
C)  II, III, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV 
A)  I, III, IV 
B)  II, IV 
C)  II, III, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV

Question 9

Which of the following is the most consistent effect of aging observed during moderate and heavy exercise?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased VT 
B)  Increased RV 
C)  Decreased FVC 
D)  Expiratory flow limitation 
A)  Decreased VT 
B)  Increased RV 
C)  Decreased FVC 
D)  Expiratory flow limitation

Question 10

Which of the following are the major adaptations to impairments in the cardiovascular system?
I.Left ventricular hypertrophy
II.Increased heart rate
III.Increased atrial contribution to diastolic filling
IV.Decreased vascular resistance

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  I, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  I, IV

Question 11

To which of the following conditions are the elderly prone after a large meal, in conjunction with diarrhea, or during diuretic therapy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heart attack 
B)  Myocardial infarction 
C)  Postural hypotension 
D)  Acid-peptic disease 
A)  Heart attack 
B)  Myocardial infarction 
C)  Postural hypotension 
D)  Acid-peptic disease

Question 12

Which of the following structural changes are consistent with aging?
I.The chest wall becomes more compliant.
II.The chest wall becomes less compliant.
III.The lungs become more compliant.
IV.The lungs become less compliant.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  I, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III 
A)  I, II 
B)  I, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III

Question 13

Which of the following functional changes are consistent with aging?
I.Loss of elastic tissue
II.Loss of alveolar complexity
III.Decreased gas exchange
IV.Decreased surface area

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  I, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III 
A)  I, II 
B)  I, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III

Question 14

What happens to heart mass between ages 25 and 80 years?

Accepted Answer

A)  It increases gradually. 
B)  It decreases gradually. 
C)  It remains the same. 
D)  It increases only with cardiovascular disease. 
A)  It increases gradually. 
B)  It decreases gradually. 
C)  It remains the same. 
D)  It increases only with cardiovascular disease.

Question 15

Which of the following are respiratory structural changes associated with aging?
I.The chest wall progressively stiffens.
II.Tidal volume increases.
III.Vertebral column deformities produce some degree of kyphoscoliosis.
IV.Intercostal and diaphragmatic muscles atrophy.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  I, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III 
A)  I, II 
B)  I, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III

Question 16

Which of the following statements are true of FEV1?
I.The FEV1 decreases approximately 30 mL per year after the age of 25 years.
II.Habitual physical exercise and high aerobic capacity slow the normal deterioration in lung function.
III.Cigarette smoking accelerates the deterioration of lung function.
IV.Smoking cessation normalizes lung function.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  I, III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  I, II, IV 
A)  I, II 
B)  I, III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  I, II, IV

Question 17

Which of the following are the major age-related impairments seen in the cardiovascular system?
I.Increased vascular resistance
II.Reduced response to beta-adrenergic stimulation
III.Hampered ventricular relaxation
IV.Decreased vascular resistance

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  I, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  I, IV

Question 18

What percentage of the U.S.population is 65 years old or older?

Accepted Answer

A)  6% 
B)  8% 
C)  10% 
D)  12% 
A)  6% 
B)  8% 
C)  10% 
D)  12%

Exam 24: Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

The ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia decreases to approximately which level in subjects age 64 years and older?

What is the lung function of a healthy 70-year-old in comparison with that of a 30-year-old?

Which of the following is the best explanation for the reduction in heart rate with aging?

Which of the following is the most important physiological change in myocardial function?

Which of the following is the most common cause of dehydration in the frail elderly?

Which is the fastest-growing age group in the United States, as well as the world?

What is the renal function of a healthy 70-year-old in comparison with that of a 30-year-old?

Which of the following statements are true of changes in airway clearance mechanisms in older patients? I.Inflammatory responses decrease. II.Mucociliary clearance rates are faster. III.Humoral and cell-mediated immunity decreases. IV.Respiratory muscles are weakened.

Which of the following is the most consistent effect of aging observed during moderate and heavy exercise?

Which of the following are the major adaptations to impairments in the cardiovascular system? I.Left ventricular hypertrophy II.Increased heart rate III.Increased atrial contribution to diastolic filling IV.Decreased vascular resistance

To which of the following conditions are the elderly prone after a large meal, in conjunction with diarrhea, or during diuretic therapy?

Which of the following structural changes are consistent with aging? I.The chest wall becomes more compliant. II.The chest wall becomes less compliant. III.The lungs become more compliant. IV.The lungs become less compliant.

Which of the following functional changes are consistent with aging? I.Loss of elastic tissue II.Loss of alveolar complexity III.Decreased gas exchange IV.Decreased surface area

What happens to heart mass between ages 25 and 80 years?

Which of the following are respiratory structural changes associated with aging? I.The chest wall progressively stiffens. II.Tidal volume increases. III.Vertebral column deformities produce some degree of kyphoscoliosis. IV.Intercostal and diaphragmatic muscles atrophy.

Which of the following are the major age-related impairments seen in the cardiovascular system? I.Increased vascular resistance II.Reduced response to beta-adrenergic stimulation III.Hampered ventricular relaxation IV.Decreased vascular resistance

What percentage of the U.S.population is 65 years old or older?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Filters