Question 1

Which of the following breathing patterns is a common signal of respiratory distress and possible ventilatory failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid, shallow breathing 
B)  Tachypnea 
C)  Bradypnea 
D)  Dyspnea 
A)  Rapid, shallow breathing 
B)  Tachypnea 
C)  Bradypnea 
D)  Dyspnea A

Question 2

Normally, approximately what percentage of the VE is dead-space ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  5% to 10% 
B)  15% to 20% 
C)  20% to 30% 
D)  30% to 40% 
A)  5% to 10% 
B)  15% to 20% 
C)  20% to 30% 
D)  30% to 40% D

Question 3

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.228 mm Hg 
B)  159 mm Hg 
C)  47 mm Hg 
D)  149 mm Hg 
A)  0.228 mm Hg 
B)  159 mm Hg 
C)  47 mm Hg 
D)  149 mm Hg A

Question 4

Normally, approximately what percentage of the inspired VT remains in conducting airways, never reaching alveoli?

Accepted Answer

A)  5% to 10% 
B)  15% to 20% 
C)  20% to 30% 
D)  30% to 40% 
A)  5% to 10% 
B)  15% to 20% 
C)  20% to 30% 
D)  30% to 40%

Question 5

What happens to anatomical dead space if a patient is mechanically ventilated through a tracheostomy tube?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is reduced. 
B)  It is increased. 
C)  It is unchanged if the cuff is inflated. 
D)  It is unchanged if fenestration has been done. 
A)  It is reduced. 
B)  It is increased. 
C)  It is unchanged if the cuff is inflated. 
D)  It is unchanged if fenestration has been done.

Question 6

Which of the following breathing patterns is the most efficient in improving alveolar ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid, shallow breathing 
B)  Rapid, deep breathing 
C)  Slow, deep breathing 
D)  Slow, shallow breathing 
A)  Rapid, shallow breathing 
B)  Rapid, deep breathing 
C)  Slow, deep breathing 
D)  Slow, shallow breathing

Question 7

A 55-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital in obvious respiratory distress.Her increased rate and depth of breathing have raised her minute ventilation from 10 to 15 L/min.Arterial blood gases show a normal PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg.It seems odd that this woman, with a minute ventilation this great, has a normal PaCO2.What is the explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an increase in alveolar ventilation. 
B)  This change in minute ventilation has little impact on the PaCO2; therefore, PaCO2 is normal. 
C)  This patient's dead space has decreased. 
D)  A normal PaCO2 associated with high minute ventilation indicates that much of this patient's ventilation is not in contact with blood flow. 
A)  There is an increase in alveolar ventilation. 
B)  This change in minute ventilation has little impact on the PaCO2; therefore, PaCO2 is normal. 
C)  This patient's dead space has decreased. 
D)  A normal PaCO2 associated with high minute ventilation indicates that much of this patient's ventilation is not in contact with blood flow.

Question 8

VE is the product of which of the following parameters?

Accepted Answer

A)  VT and VC 
B)  VD and f 
C)  VT and f 
D)  VD and VT 
A)  VT and VC 
B)  VD and f 
C)  VT and f 
D)  VD and VT

Question 9

What is the amount of CO2 produced under normal resting conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  50 mL 
B)  100 mL 
C)  150 mL 
D)  200 mL 
A)  50 mL 
B)  100 mL 
C)  150 mL 
D)  200 mL

Question 10

The end-tidal PCO2 is a reflection of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mixed-expired PCO2 
B)  Mixed-inspired PCO2 
C)  Alveolar gas composition 
D)  Arterial gas composition 
A)  Mixed-expired PCO2 
B)  Mixed-inspired PCO2 
C)  Alveolar gas composition 
D)  Arterial gas composition

Question 11

Which of the following determine the PCO2 of alveolar gas and thus the PCO2 of the blood leaving the lung?
I.Metabolic CO2 production per minute
II.VA
III.CO2 rate of elimination
IV.pH

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III, IV

Question 12

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung's airways?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.228 mm Hg 
B)  159 mm Hg 
C)  47 mm Hg 
D)  149 mm Hg 
A)  0.228 mm Hg 
B)  159 mm Hg 
C)  47 mm Hg 
D)  149 mm Hg

Question 13

Which of the following terms describes the rise in PaCO2  above normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Normal ventilation 
B)  Hypocapnia 
C)  Hypercapnia 
D)  Acidosis 
A)  Normal ventilation 
B)  Hypocapnia 
C)  Hypercapnia 
D)  Acidosis

Question 14

If a VA of 5 L/min produces a PACO2 of 40 mm Hg, a VA of 10 L/min will produce what level of PACO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  80 mm Hg 
B)  40 mm Hg 
C)  20 mm Hg 
D)  10 mm Hg 
A)  80 mm Hg 
B)  40 mm Hg 
C)  20 mm Hg 
D)  10 mm Hg

Question 15

Which technique allows a more precise measurement of VDanat?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dubowitz 
B)  Ballard's 
C)  Boyle's 
D)  Fowler 
A)  Dubowitz 
B)  Ballard's 
C)  Boyle's 
D)  Fowler

Question 16

Which of the following terms defines the conducting airways from the mouth and nose down to and including terminal bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Physiological dead space 
B)  Anatomical dead space 
C)  Anatomical tidal volume 
D)  Gas exchange units 
A)  Physiological dead space 
B)  Anatomical dead space 
C)  Anatomical tidal volume 
D)  Gas exchange units

Question 17

Which of the following are characteristics of the anatomical dead space?
I.It changes when a part of a lung is surgically removed.
II.It increases when an artificial airway bypasses the upper airway.
III.It increases during deep inspiration.
IV.It increases with emphysema.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, IV 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, IV 
A)  I, IV 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, IV

Question 18

Gas exchange can be maintained with tidal volumes smaller than dead space and high frequencies.What type of ventilation can accomplish this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid, shallow, spontaneous breathing 
B)  High-frequency ventilation 
C)  Hyperventilation 
D)  Dead space ventilation 
A)  Rapid, shallow, spontaneous breathing 
B)  High-frequency ventilation 
C)  Hyperventilation 
D)  Dead space ventilation

Question 19

Which of the following gases is utilized in the measurement of VDanat?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carbon dioxide 
B)  Oxygen 
C)  Nitrogen 
D)  Carbogen 
A)  Carbon dioxide 
B)  Oxygen 
C)  Nitrogen 
D)  Carbogen

Question 20

If a patient has a tidal volume of 450 mL, what is the approximate alveolar volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  100 mL 
B)  150 mL 
C)  200 mL 
D)  300 mL 
A)  100 mL 
B)  150 mL 
C)  200 mL 
D)  300 mL

Exam 4: Ventilation

Which of the following breathing patterns is a common signal of respiratory distress and possible ventilatory failure?

Normally, approximately what percentage of the VE is dead-space ventilation?

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air?

Normally, approximately what percentage of the inspired VT remains in conducting airways, never reaching alveoli?

What happens to anatomical dead space if a patient is mechanically ventilated through a tracheostomy tube?

Which of the following breathing patterns is the most efficient in improving alveolar ventilation?

VE is the product of which of the following parameters?

What is the amount of CO2 produced under normal resting conditions?

The end-tidal PCO2 is a reflection of which of the following?

Which of the following determine the PCO2 of alveolar gas and thus the PCO2 of the blood leaving the lung? I.Metabolic CO2 production per minute II.VA III.CO2 rate of elimination IV.pH

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung's airways?

Which of the following terms describes the rise in PaCO2 above normal?

If a VA of 5 L/min produces a PACO2 of 40 mm Hg, a VA of 10 L/min will produce what level of PACO2?

Which technique allows a more precise measurement of VDanat?

Which of the following terms defines the conducting airways from the mouth and nose down to and including terminal bronchioles?

Which of the following are characteristics of the anatomical dead space? I.It changes when a part of a lung is surgically removed. II.It increases when an artificial airway bypasses the upper airway. III.It increases during deep inspiration. IV.It increases with emphysema.

Gas exchange can be maintained with tidal volumes smaller than dead space and high frequencies.What type of ventilation can accomplish this?

Which of the following gases is utilized in the measurement of VDanat?

If a patient has a tidal volume of 450 mL, what is the approximate alveolar volume?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

Normally, approximately what percentage of the V_E is dead-space ventilation?

V_E is the product of which of the following parameters?

What is the amount of CO₂ produced under normal resting conditions?

The end-tidal PCO₂ is a reflection of which of the following?

Which of the following determine the PCO₂ of alveolar gas and thus the PCO₂ of the blood leaving the lung? I.Metabolic CO₂ production per minute II.VA III.CO₂ rate of elimination IV.pH

Which of the following terms describes the rise in P_aCO₂ above normal?

If a VA of 5 L/min produces a P_ACO₂ of 40 mm Hg, a VA of 10 L/min will produce what level of P_ACO₂?

Which technique allows a more precise measurement of V_Danat?

Which of the following gases is utilized in the measurement of V_Danat?