Question 1

What percentage of babies are born with some congenital heart defect?

Accepted Answer

A)  1% 
B)  2% 
C)  5% 
D)  10% 
A)  1% 
B)  2% 
C)  5% 
D)  10% A

Question 2

Which of the following conditions decreases an infant's ability to generate heat?
I.Hyperglycemia
II.Hypoxia
III.Acidosis
IV.Hypoglycemia

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, IV B

Question 3

What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect?

Accepted Answer

A)  ASD 
B)  VSD 
C)  Tetralogy of Fallot 
D)  Transposition of the great arteries 
A)  ASD 
B)  VSD 
C)  Tetralogy of Fallot 
D)  Transposition of the great arteries C

Question 4

What is the number of vessels in the umbilical cord?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4

Question 5

Which of the following are congenital anomalies during the embryonic period?
I.Tracheoesophageal fistula
II.Choanal atresia
III.Pulmonary hypoplasia
IV.Duchenne's disease

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  II, III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III, IV

Question 6

Fetal Hb is the predominant form of Hb in the fetus.It is about 90% of the total Hb at 24 weeks of gestation.When is HbF replaced by HbA?

Accepted Answer

A)  At 40 weeks of gestation 
B)  At first month of life 
C)  At second month of life 
D)  At 6-12 months of life 
A)  At 40 weeks of gestation 
B)  At first month of life 
C)  At second month of life 
D)  At 6-12 months of life

Question 7

A premature baby is potentially capable of breathing and may survive with intensive medical care at how many weeks of gestation?

Accepted Answer

A)  18 weeks 
B)  20 weeks 
C)  24 weeks 
D)  32 weeks 
A)  18 weeks 
B)  20 weeks 
C)  24 weeks 
D)  32 weeks

Question 8

Which of the following are important functions of the amniotic fluid?
I.It protects the fetus from trauma.
II.It allows the fetus to move.
III.It helps control the temperature of the fetus.
IV.It protects the fetus from infection.

Accepted Answer

A)  III, IV 
B)  I, II, III 
C)  I, II, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV 
A)  III, IV 
B)  I, II, III 
C)  I, II, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV

Question 9

Which of the following values represents the maximum PO2 of the fetus?

Accepted Answer

A)  30 mm Hg 
B)  40 mm Hg 
C)  50 mm Hg 
D)  60 mm Hg 
A)  30 mm Hg 
B)  40 mm Hg 
C)  50 mm Hg 
D)  60 mm Hg

Question 10

What percentage of the blood in the pulmonary artery enters the pulmonary circulation to perfuse the lungs in utero?

Accepted Answer

A)  10% 
B)  13-25% 
C)  30% 
D)  38-40% 
A)  10% 
B)  13-25% 
C)  30% 
D)  38-40%

Question 11

Which of the following statements are consistent with PPHN?
I.It presents within 12 hours after birth.
II.It causes respiratory distress, often unresponsive to oxygen therapy.
III.Some infants may require extracorporeal life support (ECLS).
IV.Nitric oxide therapy is an alternative treatment.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  I, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  I, IV

Question 12

Which of the following are common signs of respiratory distress in the infant?
I.Inspiratory nasal flaring
II.Expiratory nasal flaring
III.Expiratory grunting
IV.Paradoxical breathing

Accepted Answer

A)  I, III, IV 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV 
A)  I, III, IV 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV

Question 13

Type II cells begin to synthesize surfactant during which period of lung development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Embryonic period 
B)  Pseudoglandular period 
C)  Alveolar period 
D)  Saccular period 
A)  Embryonic period 
B)  Pseudoglandular period 
C)  Alveolar period 
D)  Saccular period

Question 14

As a result of the HbF in the fetus, a PO? of 30 mm Hg corresponds to what level of SaO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  60% to 79% 
B)  75% to 80% 
C)  85% to 90% 
D)  Same as the adult SaO2 
A)  60% to 79% 
B)  75% to 80% 
C)  85% to 90% 
D)  Same as the adult SaO2

Question 15

Which of the following are defects associated with tetralogy of Fallot?
I.Pulmonary stenosis
II.VSD
III.Right ventricular hypertrophy
IV.Overriding or dextroposition of the aorta

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  I, III, IV 
A)  I, II 
B)  II, III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  I, III, IV

Question 16

By which age is alveolar development usually complete?

Accepted Answer

A)  7 years 
B)  8 years 
C)  9 years 
D)  10 years 
A)  7 years 
B)  8 years 
C)  9 years 
D)  10 years

Question 17

When does the ductus arteriosus anatomically close?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 to 2 weeks 
B)  2 to 4 weeks 
C)  4 to 6 weeks 
D)  2 months 
A)  1 to 2 weeks 
B)  2 to 4 weeks 
C)  4 to 6 weeks 
D)  2 months

Question 18

A female infant with an estimated gestational age of 30 weeks was delivered with Apgar scores of 5 and 7 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively.Over the next hour the infant's respiratory status began to deteriorate, with the infant exhibiting nasal flaring, expiratory grunting, and intercostal retractions.Based on an FIO2 of 0.60 via oxygen hood ABG results were as follows: pH = 7.26, PaCO2 = 50 mm Hg, and PaO2 = 40 mm Hg.A chest x-ray revealed findings consistent with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): bilateral "ground-glass" appearance and decreased lung volumes.The infant was intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation, and exogenous surfactant was delivered.ABG results after surfactant administration were as follows: pH = 7.36, PaCO2 = 37 mm Hg, and PaO2= 78 mm Hg on an FIO2 of 0.80.What should be done at this time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Continue monitoring. 
B)  Readminister surfactant. 
C)  Decrease ventilator parameters and FIO2. 
D)  Change to the volume-cycled mode of ventilation. 
A)  Continue monitoring. 
B)  Readminister surfactant. 
C)  Decrease ventilator parameters and FIO2. 
D)  Change to the volume-cycled mode of ventilation.

Question 19

When is a small amount of surfactant present in infants born prematurely?

Accepted Answer

A)  20 weeks' gestation 
B)  24 weeks' gestation 
C)  28 weeks' gestation 
D)  35 weeks' gestation 
A)  20 weeks' gestation 
B)  24 weeks' gestation 
C)  28 weeks' gestation 
D)  35 weeks' gestation

Question 20

Which of the following organs begin(s) to develop during the fourth week of gestation?
I.Larynx
II.Trachea
III.Bronchi
IV.Lungs

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III 
A)  I, II 
B)  III 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, III

Exam 16: Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

What percentage of babies are born with some congenital heart defect?

Which of the following conditions decreases an infant's ability to generate heat? I.Hyperglycemia II.Hypoxia III.Acidosis IV.Hypoglycemia

What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect?

What is the number of vessels in the umbilical cord?

Which of the following are congenital anomalies during the embryonic period? I.Tracheoesophageal fistula II.Choanal atresia III.Pulmonary hypoplasia IV.Duchenne's disease

Fetal Hb is the predominant form of Hb in the fetus.It is about 90% of the total Hb at 24 weeks of gestation.When is HbF replaced by HbA?

A premature baby is potentially capable of breathing and may survive with intensive medical care at how many weeks of gestation?

Which of the following are important functions of the amniotic fluid? I.It protects the fetus from trauma. II.It allows the fetus to move. III.It helps control the temperature of the fetus. IV.It protects the fetus from infection.

Which of the following values represents the maximum PO2 of the fetus?

What percentage of the blood in the pulmonary artery enters the pulmonary circulation to perfuse the lungs in utero?

Which of the following statements are consistent with PPHN? I.It presents within 12 hours after birth. II.It causes respiratory distress, often unresponsive to oxygen therapy. III.Some infants may require extracorporeal life support (ECLS). IV.Nitric oxide therapy is an alternative treatment.

Which of the following are common signs of respiratory distress in the infant? I.Inspiratory nasal flaring II.Expiratory nasal flaring III.Expiratory grunting IV.Paradoxical breathing

Type II cells begin to synthesize surfactant during which period of lung development?

As a result of the HbF in the fetus, a PO? of 30 mm Hg corresponds to what level of SaO2?

Which of the following are defects associated with tetralogy of Fallot? I.Pulmonary stenosis II.VSD III.Right ventricular hypertrophy IV.Overriding or dextroposition of the aorta

By which age is alveolar development usually complete?

When does the ductus arteriosus anatomically close?

When is a small amount of surfactant present in infants born prematurely?

Which of the following organs begin(s) to develop during the fourth week of gestation? I.Larynx II.Trachea III.Bronchi IV.Lungs

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

Which of the following values represents the maximum PO₂ of the fetus?

As a result of the HbF in the fetus, a PO? of 30 mm Hg corresponds to what level of SaO₂?