Exam 2: The Lungs and Chest Wall

During cardiopulmonary resuscitation involving cardiac compressions, care must be taken not to compress which part of the sternum because its fracture may damage underlying organs?

What substance is responsible for the only natural mechanism for sympathetic bronchodilation in humans?

Which of the following is the source of innervation for the lung?

What is the term that describes the presence of fluid in the pleural space as a result of inflammation?

How many ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?

Which of the following are considered accessory muscles of respiration? I.Sternomastoids II.Pectoralis major III.Trapezius IV.Abdominals

Which of the following are explanations for the left hemidiaphragmatic surface being slightly lower than the right? I.The heart rests on the left half of the diaphragm, pushing it downward. II.The presence of air in the stomach acts as a vacuum, pulling the diaphragm downward. III.The liver, directly below the right half of the diaphragm, props up this area.

A well-known asthmatic individual has been admitted to the ED complaining of difficulty breathing.The physician is asking for a bronchodilator.Which of the following agents should be considered? I.β₂ agonists II.Anticholinergics III.Parasympathomimetics IV.Sympathomimetics

Which of the following are the main neurotransmitters of the autonomic system? I.Norepinephrine II.Acetylcholine III.Dopamine IV.Adrenaline

What is the best explanation for the anticholinergics being less useful than adrenergic bronchodilators in treating small airway constriction?

Which of the following statements are true of the phrenic nerves? I.They originate from spinal nerves C3 to C5. II.They enter the chest in front of the scalenus muscle. III.They are sandwiched between subclavian arteries and veins. IV.Nerve injury is associated with paralysis of the diaphragm.

If the lungs fail to empty normally during exhalation, because of either weakened elastic recoil forces or high resistance to airflow, the retained volume causes what change in the chest radiograph?

The presence of irritants such as noxious gases elicits reflex bronchoconstriction to limit penetration of injurious substances into the lungs.This reflex is produced by stimulation of which of the following structures?

Which of the following best describes the impact of anatomic shunt?

Which of the following is the right sequence of events for generating a cough? I.The glottis suddenly opens, explosively releasing compressed gas. II.The diaphragm contracts, causing a deep inspiration. III.The muscles in the larynx close the glottis, sealing the upper airway. IV.A slight inspiratory pause occurs. V.The abdominal expiratory muscles contract forcefully.

Which of the following forms of nitric oxide (NO₂) is useful in identifying early stages of asthma exacerbation?

Which of the following structures in the lung are innervated by the parasympathetic postganglionic fibers? I.Smooth airway muscle II.Mucous glands III.Pulmonary blood vessels IV.Lung parenchyma

Which of the following mechanisms is by far the most significant cause of thoracic cavity enlargement during inspiration?

Which of the following are typical locations for the pulmonary β₂ receptors? I.Airway smooth muscle II.Alveolar interstitium III.Vascular smooth muscle IV.Submucosal glands

A 25-year-old is brought to the emergency department after a car versus pedestrian accident.She suffered fractures of vertebrae C2 and C3.Which of the following respiratory muscles will be compromised by this cervical injury? I.Diaphragm II.Intercostal muscles III.Abdominals IV.Accessory muscles