Question 1

Which of the following structures accounts for almost 50% of total Raw at FRC?

Accepted Answer

A)  Upper airways 
B)  Airways less than 3 mm in diameter 
C)  Main bronchi 
D)  Trachea 
A)  Upper airways 
B)  Airways less than 3 mm in diameter 
C)  Main bronchi 
D)  Trachea

Question 2

People with emphysema have an increased work of breathing (WOB) as a result of their high expiratory Raw.In order to keep their airways open during exhalation, they perform which of the following maneuvers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deep inhalation 
B)  Rapid exhalation 
C)  Breath hold 
D)  Pursed-lip breathing 
A)  Deep inhalation 
B)  Rapid exhalation 
C)  Breath hold 
D)  Pursed-lip breathing

Question 3

In order to determine the ventilator parameter that reflects both elastic and flow resistive opposition to lung inflation, the respiratory therapist should assess which of the following pressures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ppeak 
B)  Pmouth 
C)  Ppl 
D)  Pplat 
A)  Ppeak 
B)  Pmouth 
C)  Ppl 
D)  Pplat

Question 4

Which of the following terms defines the amount of gas the lung contains after a maximal inspiratory effort?

Accepted Answer

A)  TLC 
B)  RV 
C)  FRC 
D)  IC 
A)  TLC 
B)  RV 
C)  FRC 
D)  IC

Question 5

With normal values for total compliance (0.1 L/cm H2O) and Raw (1.0 cm H2O/L/sec), one TC should be approximately:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.1 sec 
B) 0.2 sec 
C) 0.3 sec 
D) 0.4 sec 
A)  0.1 sec 
B) 0.2 sec 
C) 0.3 sec 
D) 0.4 sec

Question 6

What causes air to move in or out of the lungs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Volume gradients 
B)  Pressure gradients 
C)  Temperature gradients 
D)  Flow gradients 
A)  Volume gradients 
B)  Pressure gradients 
C)  Temperature gradients 
D)  Flow gradients

Question 7

What is the normal airway resistance?

Accepted Answer

A) 4.0 to 4.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
B) 3.0 to 3.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
C) 2.0 to 2.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
D) 0.5 to 1.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
A) 4.0 to 4.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
B) 3.0 to 3.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
C) 2.0 to 2.5 cm H2O/L/sec 
D) 0.5 to 1.5 cm H2O/L/sec

Question 8

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the creation of the subatmospheric pressure between the lung and chest wall?
I.Both lungs and chest wall pull outward.
II.The lung has a tendency to recoil inward and pull away from the chest wall.
III.The thorax has a tendency to recoil outward, away from the lung.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  III 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  II, III 
A)  I, II 
B)  III 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  II, III

Question 9

A patient who is critically ill and endotracheally intubated is admitted to the ICU for ventilatory management.Which of the following lung conditions explains the patient's having short time constants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased CL 
B)  Increased Raw 
C)  Normal CL and normal Raw 
D)  Normal CL and high Raw 
A)  Decreased CL 
B)  Increased Raw 
C)  Normal CL and normal Raw 
D)  Normal CL and high Raw

Question 10

Helium is sometimes used in patients with severe airway obstruction to reduce the work of breathing.Which of the following properties of helium allows better airflow in these patients?

Accepted Answer

A)  Density 
B)  Viscosity 
C)  Velocity 
D)  Molecular weight 
A)  Density 
B)  Viscosity 
C)  Velocity 
D)  Molecular weight

Question 11

If the calculated time constant is 0.1 sec, what time will be required to achieve 99.3% equilibrium of pressure or volume?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.3 sec 
B) 0.4 sec 
C) 0.5 sec 
D) 0.6 sec 
A) 0.3 sec 
B) 0.4 sec 
C) 0.5 sec 
D) 0.6 sec

Question 12

The point at which intraairway pressure equals the surrounding Ppl is knows as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Dynamic airway compression 
B)  Equal pressure point 
C)  Lower inflection point 
D)  Critical opening pressure 
A)  Dynamic airway compression 
B)  Equal pressure point 
C)  Lower inflection point 
D)  Critical opening pressure

Question 13

According to Poiseuille's law, if an airway's radius decreases to one-half of its original size, what pressure will be required to maintain the original flow through the airway?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 times more pressure 
B)  4 times more pressure 
C)  8 times more pressure 
D)  16 times more pressure 
A)  2 times more pressure 
B)  4 times more pressure 
C)  8 times more pressure 
D)  16 times more pressure

Question 14

A time constant determines how rapidly the source pressure and lung pressure equalize.Which of the following parameters determine the time constant?
I.CL
II.Raw
III.TLC
IV.FRC

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  II, IV 
A)  I, II 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  I, III 
D)  II, IV

Question 15

Which of the following is the function of the surfactant?

Accepted Answer

A)  To feed alveolar cell type I 
B)  To lower surface tension 
C)  To increase surface tension 
D)  To lubricate alveoli 
A)  To feed alveolar cell type I 
B)  To lower surface tension 
C)  To increase surface tension 
D)  To lubricate alveoli

Question 16

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a loss of elastic lung tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chronic bronchitis 
B)  Acute respiratory distress syndrome 
C)  Emphysema 
D)  Pneumonia 
A)  Chronic bronchitis 
B)  Acute respiratory distress syndrome 
C)  Emphysema 
D)  Pneumonia

Question 17

Which of the following conditions is characterized by high lung recoil forces?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pulmonary fibrosis 
B)  Pleural effusion 
C)  Emphysema 
D)  Pneumonia 
A)  Pulmonary fibrosis 
B)  Pleural effusion 
C)  Emphysema 
D)  Pneumonia

Question 18

Which of the following parameters is the most relevant in assessing the potential for pressure-induced alveolar injury during positive pressure mechanical ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ppeak 
B)  Pmouth 
C)  Ppl 
D)  Pplat
 
A)  Ppeak 
B)  Pmouth 
C)  Ppl 
D)  Pplat

Question 19

Which of the following statements are true of the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio?
I.It is predictive of fetal lung maturation.
II.An L/S ratio greater than 2:1 indicates fetal lung maturity in nondiabetic pregnancies.
III.The L/S ratio is falsely high in diabetes.
IV.The L/S ratio is generally 2:1 at 35 weeks' gestation.

Accepted Answer

A)  III, IV 
B)  I, II, III 
C)  I, II, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV 
A)  III, IV 
B)  I, II, III 
C)  I, II, IV 
D)  I, II, III, IV

Question 20

The change in lung volume resulting from a unit of pressure change is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Elastance 
B)  Lung compliance 
C)  Airway resistance 
D)  Lung recoil 
A)  Elastance 
B)  Lung compliance 
C)  Airway resistance 
D)  Lung recoil

Exam 3: Mechanics of Ventilation

Which of the following structures accounts for almost 50% of total Raw at FRC?

People with emphysema have an increased work of breathing (WOB) as a result of their high expiratory Raw.In order to keep their airways open during exhalation, they perform which of the following maneuvers?

In order to determine the ventilator parameter that reflects both elastic and flow resistive opposition to lung inflation, the respiratory therapist should assess which of the following pressures?

Which of the following terms defines the amount of gas the lung contains after a maximal inspiratory effort?

With normal values for total compliance (0.1 L/cm H2O) and Raw (1.0 cm H2O/L/sec), one TC should be approximately:

What causes air to move in or out of the lungs?

What is the normal airway resistance?

A patient who is critically ill and endotracheally intubated is admitted to the ICU for ventilatory management.Which of the following lung conditions explains the patient's having short time constants?

Helium is sometimes used in patients with severe airway obstruction to reduce the work of breathing.Which of the following properties of helium allows better airflow in these patients?

If the calculated time constant is 0.1 sec, what time will be required to achieve 99.3% equilibrium of pressure or volume?

The point at which intraairway pressure equals the surrounding Ppl is knows as:

According to Poiseuille's law, if an airway's radius decreases to one-half of its original size, what pressure will be required to maintain the original flow through the airway?

A time constant determines how rapidly the source pressure and lung pressure equalize.Which of the following parameters determine the time constant? I.CL II.Raw III.TLC IV.FRC

Which of the following is the function of the surfactant?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a loss of elastic lung tissue?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by high lung recoil forces?

Which of the following parameters is the most relevant in assessing the potential for pressure-induced alveolar injury during positive pressure mechanical ventilation?

The change in lung volume resulting from a unit of pressure change is known as:

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

People with emphysema have an increased work of breathing (WOB) as a result of their high expiratory Ra_w.In order to keep their airways open during exhalation, they perform which of the following maneuvers?

With normal values for total compliance (0.1 L/cm H₂O) and Raw (1.0 cm H₂O/L/sec), one TC should be approximately:

The point at which intraairway pressure equals the surrounding P_plis knows as:

A time constant determines how rapidly the source pressure and lung pressure equalize.Which of the following parameters determine the time constant? I.C_L II.Ra_w III.TLC IV.FRC