Question 1

What is the significance of the straight CO2 equilibrium curve versus the sigmoid-shaped HbO2 curve?

Accepted Answer

A)  A change in alveolar ventilation is much more effective in changing arterial CO2 content than O2 content. 
B)  A change in alveolar ventilation is much more effective in changing arterial O2 content than CO2 content. 
C)  Patients with hypercapnia have a straight HbO2 curve. 
D)  Patients with hypercapnia have a significant increase in O2 release to the tissues. 
A)  A change in alveolar ventilation is much more effective in changing arterial CO2 content than O2 content. 
B)  A change in alveolar ventilation is much more effective in changing arterial O2 content than CO2 content. 
C)  Patients with hypercapnia have a straight HbO2 curve. 
D)  Patients with hypercapnia have a significant increase in O2 release to the tissues. A

Question 2

What is the approximate percentage of dissolved CO2?

Accepted Answer

A)  8% 
B)  12% 
C)  80% 
D)  100% 
A)  8% 
B)  12% 
C)  80% 
D)  100% A

Question 3

What is the average amount of CO2 produced by the body at rest?

Accepted Answer

A)  100 mL/min 
B)  200 mL/min 
C)  250 mL/min 
D)  300 mL/min 
A)  100 mL/min 
B)  200 mL/min 
C)  250 mL/min 
D)  300 mL/min B

Question 4

Although CO2 is technically not an acid, what is the reason for CO2 being conceptualized as though it were an acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Its high affinity for acids in solution 
B)  Its immediate formation of H2CO3- in physiological fluids 
C)  Its release in circulation as a volatile acid 
D)  Its counteraction of HCO3- formation 
A)  Its high affinity for acids in solution 
B)  Its immediate formation of H2CO3- in physiological fluids 
C)  Its release in circulation as a volatile acid 
D)  Its counteraction of HCO3- formation

Question 5

Which of the following statements explain the alkalemia that develops at high altitudes?
I.Lack of oxygen at high altitudes creates a chemical stimulus for ventilation.
II.Increased ventilation drives the PACO2 and PaCO2 below 40 mm Hg.
III.Low PaCO2 lowers the blood H2CO3 concentration.
IV.Low PaCO2 lowers PaO2 and promotes buffer release.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III 
B)  III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, IV 
A)  I, II, III 
B)  III, IV 
C)  I, II, III, IV 
D)  II, IV

Question 6

What is the average tissue-blood CO2 gradient?

Accepted Answer

A)  6 mm Hg 
B)  10 mm Hg 
C)  15 mm Hg 
D)  30 mm Hg 
A)  6 mm Hg 
B)  10 mm Hg 
C)  15 mm Hg 
D)  30 mm Hg

Question 7

During cardiac resuscitation a 63-year-old man receives sodium bicarbonate for a profound metabolic acidosis.Why should the respiratory therapist increase ventilation at this point?

Accepted Answer

A)  To eliminate the additional CO2 generated by lactic acid buffering. 
B)  To counteract the effect of the sodium bicarbonate on the pH. 
C)  To eliminate the additional CO2 generated by increased hydrogen ion production. 
D)  To counteract the effect of the sodium bicarbonate on the lactic acid. 
A)  To eliminate the additional CO2 generated by lactic acid buffering. 
B)  To counteract the effect of the sodium bicarbonate on the pH. 
C)  To eliminate the additional CO2 generated by increased hydrogen ion production. 
D)  To counteract the effect of the sodium bicarbonate on the lactic acid.

Question 8

The majority of CO2 is transported in which of the following forms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma HCO3- 
B)  RBC HCO3- 
C)  Plasma H2CO3 
D)  RBC H2CO3
 
A)  Plasma HCO3- 
B)  RBC HCO3- 
C)  Plasma H2CO3 
D)  RBC H2CO3

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of dissolved CO2?
I.The rate of reaction between CO2 and H2O in the plasma is quite slow.
II.The amount of CO2 carried as H2CO3 in the plasma is quite small.
III.The amount of H2CO3 in the plasma is a major determinant of the blood's H+ concentration (pH).
IV.The amount of H2CO3 in the plasma is not an important determinant of the blood's H+ concentration (pH).

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, III 
A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, III

Question 10

What is the approximate percentage of CO2 transported as HCO3-?

Accepted Answer

A)  8% 
B)  12% 
C)  80% 
D)  100% 
A)  8% 
B)  12% 
C)  80% 
D)  100%

Question 11

Which of the following are major forms of carbon dioxide transport?
I.Internal metabolism
II.Dissolved CO2 in plasma
III.Plasma HCO3-
IV.Protein carbamino compounds

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, III 
A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  II, IV 
D)  I, II, III

Question 12

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for maintaining a normal PaCO2 near 40 mm Hg during heavy exercise?

Accepted Answer

A)  $ \dot{v} $ A normally increases such that it eliminates CO2 at a rate proportional to its production. 
B)  $ \dot{v} $A normally increases such that it increases O2 at a rate proportional to CO2 production. 
C)  $ \dot{v} $ A normally increases such that it eliminates CO2 without increasing its production. 
D)  $ \dot{v} $ A normally remains stable such that CO2 elimination is proportional to its production. 
A)  $ \dot{v} $ A normally increases such that it eliminates CO2 at a rate proportional to its production. 
B)  $ \dot{v} $A normally increases such that it increases O2 at a rate proportional to CO2 production. 
C)  $ \dot{v} $ A normally increases such that it eliminates CO2 without increasing its production. 
D)  $ \dot{v} $ A normally remains stable such that CO2 elimination is proportional to its production.

Question 13

Which of the following is the best explanation for the chloride shift?

Accepted Answer

A)  HCO3- diffuses out of the RBC and leaves the cell electropositive. 
B)  Cl- has a strong affinity for HCO3-. 
C)  HCO3- diffuses into the RBC and keeps the cell electronegative. 
D)  Cl- has no affinity for HCO3-. 
A)  HCO3- diffuses out of the RBC and leaves the cell electropositive. 
B)  Cl- has a strong affinity for HCO3-. 
C)  HCO3- diffuses into the RBC and keeps the cell electronegative. 
D)  Cl- has no affinity for HCO3-.

Question 14

The affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 is greater when it is not combined with oxygen.What is the name of this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bohr effect 
B)  Haldane effect 
C)  Fick effect 
D)  Reynold effect 
A)  Bohr effect 
B)  Haldane effect 
C)  Fick effect 
D)  Reynold effect

Question 15

Which of the following statements are true of CO2?
I.Most CO2 diffusing into the blood from tissue cells enters the erythrocyte.
II.The rate of reaction between CO2 and H2O in the RBC is quite slow.
III.The amount of CO2 carried as H2CO3 in the RBC is quite small.
IV.The rate of reaction between CO2 and H2O in the RBC is quite fast.

Accepted Answer

A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  I, IV 
D)  I, II, III 
A)  II, III, IV 
B)  I, II, III, IV 
C)  I, IV 
D)  I, II, III

What is the significance of the straight CO₂ equilibrium curve versus the sigmoid-shaped HbO₂ curve?

What is the approximate percentage of dissolved CO₂?

What is the average amount of CO₂ produced by the body at rest?

Although CO₂ is technically not an acid, what is the reason for CO₂ being conceptualized as though it were an acid?

What is the average tissue-blood CO₂ gradient?

During cardiac resuscitation a 63-year-old man receives sodium bicarbonate for a profound metabolic acidosis.Why should the respiratory therapist increase ventilation at this point?

The majority of CO₂ is transported in which of the following forms?

What is the approximate percentage of CO₂ transported as HCO₃^-?

Which of the following are major forms of carbon dioxide transport? I.Internal metabolism II.Dissolved CO₂ in plasma III.Plasma HCO₃^- IV.Protein carbamino compounds

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for maintaining a normal PaCO₂ near 40 mm Hg during heavy exercise?

Which of the following is the best explanation for the chloride shift?

The affinity of hemoglobin for CO₂ is greater when it is not combined with oxygen.What is the name of this phenomenon?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

Exam 9: Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium and Transport

What is the significance of the straight CO2 equilibrium curve versus the sigmoid-shaped HbO2 curve?

What is the approximate percentage of dissolved CO2?

What is the average amount of CO2 produced by the body at rest?

Although CO2 is technically not an acid, what is the reason for CO2 being conceptualized as though it were an acid?

What is the average tissue-blood CO2 gradient?

During cardiac resuscitation a 63-year-old man receives sodium bicarbonate for a profound metabolic acidosis.Why should the respiratory therapist increase ventilation at this point?

The majority of CO2 is transported in which of the following forms?

What is the approximate percentage of CO2 transported as HCO3-?

Which of the following are major forms of carbon dioxide transport? I.Internal metabolism II.Dissolved CO2 in plasma III.Plasma HCO3- IV.Protein carbamino compounds

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for maintaining a normal PaCO2 near 40 mm Hg during heavy exercise?

Which of the following is the best explanation for the chloride shift?

The affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 is greater when it is not combined with oxygen.What is the name of this phenomenon?

The Airways and Alveoli

The Lungs and Chest Wall

Mechanics of Ventilation

Ventilation

Pulmonary Function Measurements

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Gas Diffusion

Oxygen Equilibrium and Transport

Acid-Base Regulation

Control of Ventilation

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base and Oxygenation Status

Physiological Basis for Oxygenation and Lung Protection Strategies

Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Fetal and Newborn Cardiopulmonary Physiology

Functional Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Electrophysiology

The Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Arrhythmias In Adults

Control of Cardiac Output and Hemodynamic

Filtration, Urine Formation, and Fluid Regulation

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise in Health and Disease

Aging and the Cardiopulmonary System

Filters

What is the significance of the straight CO₂ equilibrium curve versus the sigmoid-shaped HbO₂ curve?

What is the approximate percentage of dissolved CO₂?

What is the average amount of CO₂ produced by the body at rest?

Although CO₂ is technically not an acid, what is the reason for CO₂ being conceptualized as though it were an acid?

What is the average tissue-blood CO₂ gradient?

The majority of CO₂ is transported in which of the following forms?

What is the approximate percentage of CO₂ transported as HCO₃^-?

Which of the following are major forms of carbon dioxide transport? I.Internal metabolism II.Dissolved CO₂ in plasma III.Plasma HCO₃^- IV.Protein carbamino compounds

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for maintaining a normal PaCO₂ near 40 mm Hg during heavy exercise?

The affinity of hemoglobin for CO₂ is greater when it is not combined with oxygen.What is the name of this phenomenon?