Exam 12: Organization Culture and Change

Which of the following is the lowest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

According to Skinner, __________ discourages a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

According to Skinner's reinforcement theory, the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences is called __________.

Herzberg suggests that one way to improve job content is to build more opportunities for higher-order need satisfaction into jobs. This process is known as __________.

The hygiene factors in the Herzberg model seem most associated with Maslow's lower-order needs and Alderfer's existence and relatedness needs.

According to Skinner, __________ discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities to carry out the work and involves the use of a number of different skills and talents of the individual is referred to as __________.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the __________ states that people try to satisfy lower-level needs first and then move step-by-step up the hierarchy.

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, __________ are desires for physiological and material well-being.

Explain Alderfer's ERG theory.

In the context of the core characteristics model, __________ is the degree to which work activities required by a job result in the individual obtaining direct and clear information on his or her performance.

__________ is the practice of designing jobs rich in content that offers opportunities for higher-order need satisfaction.

Locke's goal-setting theory suggests that __________ goals can be motivating if they are the right goals and they are set in the right way.

According to Herzberg, __________ that are part of job content are a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth.

Alderfer's growth needs correspond to the lower-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

Vroom offers an approach to understand motivation with the following equation: Motivation = Expectancy $\times$ Instrumentality $\times$ _________.

The degree to which a job has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people elsewhere in an organization or in the external environment is called __________.

The need for __________, as described by McClelland, is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people.

In Vroom's expectancy theory, __________ is a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance.

According to the equity theory of motivation, it is the perceived __________ that motivate our behaviors.