Question 1

Explain how a hiatus hernia can cause gastric reflux.

Accepted Answer

It allows part of the stomach to move above the diaphragm and gastric contents can move into the oesophagus.

Question 2

Antacids containing aluminium and divalent ions can be problematic because they:

Accepted Answer

A)  make the gut too acidic. 
B)  are known to induce Alzheimer's disease. 
C)  interact with tetracycline antibiotics and inactivate them. 
D)  form a viscous jelly that can obstruct the gastrointestinal tract. 
A)  make the gut too acidic. 
B)  are known to induce Alzheimer's disease. 
C)  interact with tetracycline antibiotics and inactivate them. 
D)  form a viscous jelly that can obstruct the gastrointestinal tract. C

Question 3

Prostaglandin analogues used in the treatment of peptic ulcers:

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibit histamine production. 
B)  inhibit acetylcholine production. 
C)  inhibit acid production. 
D)  stimulate mucus formation. 
A)  inhibit histamine production. 
B)  inhibit acetylcholine production. 
C)  inhibit acid production. 
D)  stimulate mucus formation. C

Question 4

Several electrolytes can be used as antacids.Which of the following is least likely to be used for such a purpose?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium 
B)  Calcium 
C)  Potassium 
D)  Magnesium 
A)  Sodium 
B)  Calcium 
C)  Potassium 
D)  Magnesium

Question 5

Which of the following can cause an increase in stomach acid secretion? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)  Chocolate 
B)  Smoking 
C)  Citrus 
D)  Mild alcoholic drinks 
E)  Acetaminophen 
A)  Chocolate 
B)  Smoking 
C)  Citrus 
D)  Mild alcoholic drinks 
E)  Acetaminophen

Question 6

Prostaglandin analogues such as misoprostol are contraindicated in:

Accepted Answer

A)  clients also receiving the NSAID aspirin. 
B)  pregnancy. 
C)  conjunction with alcohol consumption. 
D)  clients also receiving the NSAID indomethacin. 
A)  clients also receiving the NSAID aspirin. 
B)  pregnancy. 
C)  conjunction with alcohol consumption. 
D)  clients also receiving the NSAID indomethacin.

Question 7

Once ingested,how does sucralfate work?

Accepted Answer

A)  It neutralises stomach acid. 
B)  It slows gastric emptying. 
C)  It creates a paste-like substance to coat the gastric mucosa. 
D)  It affects the proton pump. 
A)  It neutralises stomach acid. 
B)  It slows gastric emptying. 
C)  It creates a paste-like substance to coat the gastric mucosa. 
D)  It affects the proton pump.

Question 8

The use of cisapride in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract conditions is restricted due to its ability to produce:

Accepted Answer

A)  renal failure. 
B)  liver failure. 
C)  potentially life-threatening dysrhythmias. 
D)  respiratory failure. 
A)  renal failure. 
B)  liver failure. 
C)  potentially life-threatening dysrhythmias. 
D)  respiratory failure.

Question 9

Which of the following chemical mediators stimulates the production of mucus in the gastrointestinal tract and inhibits secretion of hydrochloric acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Histamine 
C)  Gastrin 
D)  Prostaglandin E 
A)  Acetylcholine 
B)  Histamine 
C)  Gastrin 
D)  Prostaglandin E

Question 10

Ranitidine is an example of which class of medicines?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proton pump inhibitor 
B)  H2 antagonist 
C)  Antacid 
D)  Prostaglandin 
A)  Proton pump inhibitor 
B)  H2 antagonist 
C)  Antacid 
D)  Prostaglandin

Question 11

There have been no adverse effects reported with which medication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Simethicone 
B)  Cisparide 
C)  Cimetidine 
D)  Nizatidine 
A)  Simethicone 
B)  Cisparide 
C)  Cimetidine 
D)  Nizatidine

Question 12

In order to determine the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy,which of the following tests is usually performed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gastroscopy 
B)  Barium swallow 
C)  Urea breath test 
D)  Gastrointestinal biopsy 
A)  Gastroscopy 
B)  Barium swallow 
C)  Urea breath test 
D)  Gastrointestinal biopsy

Question 13

Which of the following are considered adjuncts to peptic ulcer therapy? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)  Belladonna alkaloids 
B)  Glycopyrrolate 
C)  Alginates 
D)  Ibuprofen 
A)  Belladonna alkaloids 
B)  Glycopyrrolate 
C)  Alginates 
D)  Ibuprofen

Question 14

Which of the following pairs of proton pump inhibitors inhibit the cytochrome P450 system and have a number of clinically important drug interactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Esomeprazole and omeprazole 
B)  Rabeprazole and lansoprazole 
C)  Lansoprazole and pantoprazole 
D)  Esomeprazole and rabeprazole 
A)  Esomeprazole and omeprazole 
B)  Rabeprazole and lansoprazole 
C)  Lansoprazole and pantoprazole 
D)  Esomeprazole and rabeprazole

Question 15

How should histamine H2-receptor antagonists be administered in relation to food?

Accepted Answer

A)  They should be administered with food. 
B)  They should be administered immediately following food. 
C)  They can be administered with or without food. 
D)  They should be administered two hours before food. 
A)  They should be administered with food. 
B)  They should be administered immediately following food. 
C)  They can be administered with or without food. 
D)  They should be administered two hours before food.

Question 16

The use of sodium bicarbonate alone as an antacid should be discouraged because it can:

Accepted Answer

A)  exacerbate pre-existing hypertension. 
B)  lead to rebound acidosis. 
C)  lead to the development of kidney stones. 
D)  inactivate antimicrobial agents. 
A)  exacerbate pre-existing hypertension. 
B)  lead to rebound acidosis. 
C)  lead to the development of kidney stones. 
D)  inactivate antimicrobial agents.

Question 17

Omeprazole is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A)  proton pump inhibitor. 
B)  H2 antagonist. 
C)  prostaglandin analogue. 
D)  cytoprotective. 
A)  proton pump inhibitor. 
B)  H2 antagonist. 
C)  prostaglandin analogue. 
D)  cytoprotective.

Question 18

An example of a proton pump inhibitor is:

Accepted Answer

A)  misoprostol. 
B)  ranitidine. 
C)  astemizole. 
D)  omeprazole. 
A)  misoprostol. 
B)  ranitidine. 
C)  astemizole. 
D)  omeprazole.

Exam 55: Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Medicines

Explain how a hiatus hernia can cause gastric reflux.

Antacids containing aluminium and divalent ions can be problematic because they:

Prostaglandin analogues used in the treatment of peptic ulcers:

Several electrolytes can be used as antacids.Which of the following is least likely to be used for such a purpose?

Which of the following can cause an increase in stomach acid secretion? Select all that apply.

Prostaglandin analogues such as misoprostol are contraindicated in:

Once ingested,how does sucralfate work?

The use of cisapride in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract conditions is restricted due to its ability to produce:

Which of the following chemical mediators stimulates the production of mucus in the gastrointestinal tract and inhibits secretion of hydrochloric acid?

Ranitidine is an example of which class of medicines?

There have been no adverse effects reported with which medication?

In order to determine the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy,which of the following tests is usually performed?

Which of the following are considered adjuncts to peptic ulcer therapy? Select all that apply.

Which of the following pairs of proton pump inhibitors inhibit the cytochrome P450 system and have a number of clinically important drug interactions?

How should histamine H2-receptor antagonists be administered in relation to food?

The use of sodium bicarbonate alone as an antacid should be discouraged because it can:

Omeprazole is an example of a:

An example of a proton pump inhibitor is:

Sociocultural Aspects

Health Professionals and the Law

Ethical Issues

the Roles and Responsibilities of Health Professionals in Medicine Adherence, Education and Advocacy

the Roles and Responsibilities of Health Professionals in Medicine Management

Medicine Formulations, Storage and Routes of Administration

the Clinical Decision-making Process

Medicine Administration Strategies and Documentation

Medication Errors

Management of Common Adverse Drug Reactions

Risk Communication: Balancing the Benefits and Risks of Drug Treatment

Drug Nomenclature

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics Metabolism and Excretion

Drug Interactions

Pharmacodynamics

Drug Development, Evaluation and Safety

Genetic Considerations in Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetic Factors That Modify Drug Action

Paediatric and Geriatric Pharmacology

Poisoning and Envenomation

the Management of Acute Clinical Overdose

Contemporary Drugs of Abuse

Drug Abuse in Sport

General Aspects of Neuropharmacology

Adrenergic Pharmacology

Cholinergic Pharmacology

An Introduction to Chemical Mediators

Histamine and Antihistamines

Prostaglandins and Serotonin

Nitric Oxide and the Endothelins

General concepts of Psychopharmacology

Antipsychotics

Anxiolytics and Hypnotics

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilisers

Medicines Used in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Antiseizure Agents and Muscle Relaxants

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Opioid Analgesics

Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Non-opioid Analgesic Agents

Medicines Used to Treat Migraine

General Anaesthesia

Local Anesthesia

Medicines Used to Lower Blood Lipids

Antihypertensive Agents

Medicines Used to Promote Tissue Perfusion

Antithrombotic, Fibrinolytic and Haemostatic Agents

Diuretics and Other Renal Medicines

Topic: Medicines Used to Treat Heart Failure

Medicines Used to Treat Cardiac Dysrhythmia

Fluid and Potassium Imbalances

Antianaemic Agents

Medicines Used to Maintain Gas Exchange

Medicines for Upper Respiratory Tract Conditions

Lower Castrointestinal Tract Medicines

Antiemetic Agents

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Medicines and the Pituitary Gland

Medicines and the Thyroid

Medicines and the Pancreas

Medicines Affecting the Adrenal Cortex

How should histamine H₂-receptor antagonists be administered in relation to food?