Exam 9: A: Cognitive Processes

Which term best charaterizes problems in which the initial state,the goal state,and the operations are all clearly specified?

Kevi wants to hang her new painting,but she can't find her hammer.She pulls off her shoe and uses the heel to pound in the nail.Which term best describes this scenario?

When solving problems,there are times when a "mental set" may be helpful to performance,and other times when it may be harmful to performance.

What has been concluded about the brains of individuals who qualify as pathological liars?

What happens when people ask whether they made the right decision? How does knowing the costs associated with particular decisions influence choice? How does anticipating regret affect decision making?

A friend of yours has a problem.His teacher has assigned him to make a presentation on problem solving and reasoning,but he doesn't know where to begin.You suggest that he might start with how problems are defined,how researchers might study problem solving,and why people have difficulty solving problems.Then,he might compare and contrast deductive and inductive reasoning,and show how people use heuristics when making judgments and decisions.Summarize what your friend's presentation might look like.

How do the results of fMRI scans compare when participants were engaged in either a perception task or an imagery task?

What does the "monk puzzle" presented in the textbook illustrate?

In our conversations with others,missing information is often filled in on the basis of a sample of evidence or on the basis of prior beliefs and theories.These logical assumptions are called __________.

What did Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth discover about the communicative capabilities of vervet monkeys?

Carl is participating in an experiment where he will be asked a series of questions about his knowledge of a new neighbourhood.How will Carl best be able to learn the neighbourhood prior to responding to the questions?

Which statement about inductive reasoning is accurate?

A(n)__________ is a speech error in which there is an exchange of the initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase or sentence.

A fellow student making a classroom presentation says,"Language production concerns what people say verbally and how they say it." What else does language production include?

What are heuristics,and how are they useful? Give some examples of where heuristics lead to incorrect judgments.

More than 125 years ago,the Dutch physiologist F.C.Donders devised a new method to study the "speed of mental processes." Describe the rationale on which this method was based,then compare the use of this method to the techniques that psychologists are currently using to study mental processes,including the use of reaction time and mental processes.

In one procedure designed to produce spoonerisms,participants are asked to silently read lists of word pairs that are models for the sound structure of target spoonerisms,then pronounce word pairs out loud.What have such studies found?

Which statement about sharing common ground with a conversational partner is accurate?

What evidence is there that other species are capable of language? Outline studies that have been done in the lab and field to answer this question.

Controlled processes require attention; it is often difficult to carry out more than one controlled process at a time.