Question 1

When playing chess,Sonya uses the strategy,"protect the king." Which term refers to the use of such "rules of thumb"?

Accepted Answer

A) algorithms. 
B) inductive reaasoning. 
C) analogies. 
D) heuristics. 
A) algorithms. 
B) inductive reaasoning. 
C) analogies. 
D) heuristics.

Question 2

In an experimental psychology class,the students watch a rat run from the start box to a goal box in a maze that has been set up to allow only left-hand turns.The rat's behaviour reminds the students of problem solving.In this context,what is equivalent to the maze?

Accepted Answer

A) problem space. 
B) initial state. 
C) set of operations. 
D) goal state. 
A) problem space. 
B) initial state. 
C) set of operations. 
D) goal state.

Question 3

In a study that is described in the textbook,participants had to decide whether rotated letters were normal or mirror images of themselves.What did an analysis of participant reaction times indicate?

Accepted Answer

A) decision times were proportional to the degree to which each letter had to be mentally rotated. 
B) females had faster response times than males. 
C) the task proved impossible for most participants to perform. 
D) there was little relationship between the degree to which each letter had to be mentally rotated and reaction times. 
A) decision times were proportional to the degree to which each letter had to be mentally rotated. 
B) females had faster response times than males. 
C) the task proved impossible for most participants to perform. 
D) there was little relationship between the degree to which each letter had to be mentally rotated and reaction times.

Question 4

At the bookstore,Sunshine finds a book entitled,Make Better Judgments! It deals with the pitfalls of heuristic use,and she considers reading it.Realistically,how might Sunshine's increased knowledge of the kinds of errors that result from heuristics affect her future judgments?

Accepted Answer

A) Given that heuristics are resistant to learning,the book should have little impact on Sunshine's behaviour. 
B) Since heuristics are seldom used,Sunshine's judgments should remain relatively unchanged. 
C) Having knowledge about heuristic errors does not guarantee that they will never occur. 
D) Once Sunshine becomes familiar with heuristic errors,her future judgments should be vastly improved. 
A) Given that heuristics are resistant to learning,the book should have little impact on Sunshine's behaviour. 
B) Since heuristics are seldom used,Sunshine's judgments should remain relatively unchanged. 
C) Having knowledge about heuristic errors does not guarantee that they will never occur. 
D) Once Sunshine becomes familiar with heuristic errors,her future judgments should be vastly improved.

Question 5

"Functional fixedness" is the term used to refer to the inability to think of a new use for an object previously associated with some other purpose.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

A reader comes across the ambiguous word "bark" when reading a sentence,yet she has absolutely no difficulty understanding its intended meaning.Based on the research on lexical ambiguity,why was she able to disambiguate the word?

Accepted Answer

A) Because of the degree of emotional reactivity she experienced when she heard the word. 
B) Because of the frequency with which she has used the word in the past week. 
C) Because of the contextual information. 
D) Because of the pattern of eye movements that she makes. 
A) Because of the degree of emotional reactivity she experienced when she heard the word. 
B) Because of the frequency with which she has used the word in the past week. 
C) Because of the contextual information. 
D) Because of the pattern of eye movements that she makes.

Question 7

Describe how cognitive psychologists break down processes such as problem solving or language use into their component processes.Use serial and parallel processes,controlled processes,and automatic processes to help explain how complex mental processes are carried out.

Accepted Answer

Refer to "Mental Processes and Mental Re

Question 8

Which type of problem best characterizes social issues such as homelessness,poverty,lack of education,and violence?

Accepted Answer

A) inductive. 
B) deductive. 
C) well defined. 
D) ill defined. 
A) inductive. 
B) deductive. 
C) well defined. 
D) ill defined.

Question 9

According to the text,which term refers to the process of selecting and rejecting options?

Accepted Answer

A) problem solving 
B) framing 
C) judgment 
D) decision making 
A) problem solving 
B) framing 
C) judgment 
D) decision making

Question 10

In the context of language understanding,what is a proposition?

Accepted Answer

A) a type of inference. 
B) a sarcastic request. 
C) the single most important idea contained in an utterance. 
D) a main idea in an utterance. 
A) a type of inference. 
B) a sarcastic request. 
C) the single most important idea contained in an utterance. 
D) a main idea in an utterance.

Question 11

Using the availability heuristic,how should one impress others with the seriousness of homelessness in the world?

Accepted Answer

A) use metaphors to illustrate the number of homeless people. 
B) dramatize the plight of a single family. 
C) show pictures of shelters where the homeless go for help. 
D) ask individuals to imagine themselves in the situation of a homeless person. 
A) use metaphors to illustrate the number of homeless people. 
B) dramatize the plight of a single family. 
C) show pictures of shelters where the homeless go for help. 
D) ask individuals to imagine themselves in the situation of a homeless person.

Question 12

What did Sue Savage-Rumbaugh discover when working with the apes Kanzi and Mulika?

Accepted Answer

A) They can communicate through spoken language. 
B) They acquire the meaning for certain symbols by observing others. 
C) Their communication skills do not generalize to other apes. 
D) They cannot acquire the meaning of spoken words. 
A) They can communicate through spoken language. 
B) They acquire the meaning for certain symbols by observing others. 
C) Their communication skills do not generalize to other apes. 
D) They cannot acquire the meaning of spoken words.

Question 13

Mental sets can enhance problem solving under some conditions.However,under which conditions are they generally inappropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) When one has to solve a problem quickly. 
B) When the problem solving situation changes. 
C) When it is necessary to rely on what has worked in the past. 
D) When one is solving mathematics problems. 
A) When one has to solve a problem quickly. 
B) When the problem solving situation changes. 
C) When it is necessary to rely on what has worked in the past. 
D) When one is solving mathematics problems.

Question 14

In the past when Aurora has gotten lost while driving,she has been more likely to stop and ask for directions than to look at a map.Now that she is lost again,she decides to stop by a convenience store to ask for directions.What does Aurora's behaviour illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) deductive reasoning. 
B) logical problem solving. 
C) the belief-bias effect. 
D) analogical problem solving. 
A) deductive reasoning. 
B) logical problem solving. 
C) the belief-bias effect. 
D) analogical problem solving.

Question 15

With respect to language understanding,structural ambiguity refers to a situation in which a word has two meanings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

According to the philosopher H.Paul Grice,what is an overarching rule of audience design?

Accepted Answer

A) the cooperative principle 
B) belief-bias 
C) linguistic determinism 
D) maximizing structural ambiguity 
A) the cooperative principle 
B) belief-bias 
C) linguistic determinism 
D) maximizing structural ambiguity

Question 17

What have researchers concluded from studies of speech errors in the laboratory?

Accepted Answer

A) the planning process in language production tends to stay one word ahead of the spoken utterance. 
B) there may be mental processes that detect and edit potential speech errors. 
C) errors involving blends of words are less common than predicted. 
D) spoonerisms are less likely when the error will result in a real word. 
A) the planning process in language production tends to stay one word ahead of the spoken utterance. 
B) there may be mental processes that detect and edit potential speech errors. 
C) errors involving blends of words are less common than predicted. 
D) spoonerisms are less likely when the error will result in a real word.

Question 18

The teacher has written the words "quantity," "quality," "relation," and "manner" on the blackboard.What is the most likely lecture topic?

Accepted Answer

A) spoonerisms. 
B) Grice's maxims. 
C) spatial mental models. 
D) functional fixedness. 
A) spoonerisms. 
B) Grice's maxims. 
C) spatial mental models. 
D) functional fixedness.

Question 19

Glancing over the shoulder of a man on the bus who is reading a newspaper,Dean sees the headline "Shooting of Hunters Terrible." What does Dean's ability to disambiguate the meaning of the utterance depend primarily upon?

Accepted Answer

A) the presence of contextual cues. 
B) Dean's ability to visually represent the meaning. 
C) Dean's memory for similar accidents. 
D) the isolation of propositions. 
A) the presence of contextual cues. 
B) Dean's ability to visually represent the meaning. 
C) Dean's memory for similar accidents. 
D) the isolation of propositions.

Question 20

In a study on the anchoring heuristic that is described in the textbook,students were given a relatively high,arbitrary identification number to copy into their questionnaires,and then were asked to estimate the number of physicians listed in a telephone book.Some students were warned that the ID number might affect their judgments.What did the researchers discover?

Accepted Answer

A) students who were warned performed more accurately than control group students. 
B) the use of the anchoring heuristic led to more accurate responses in all students. 
C) the estimates were affected by the arbitrary identification number,even when students were warned. 
D) the estimates were rarely affected by the arbitrary number,regardless of whether students were warned. 
A) students who were warned performed more accurately than control group students. 
B) the use of the anchoring heuristic led to more accurate responses in all students. 
C) the estimates were affected by the arbitrary identification number,even when students were warned. 
D) the estimates were rarely affected by the arbitrary number,regardless of whether students were warned.

Exam 9: A: Cognitive Processes

When playing chess,Sonya uses the strategy,"protect the king." Which term refers to the use of such "rules of thumb"?

In an experimental psychology class,the students watch a rat run from the start box to a goal box in a maze that has been set up to allow only left-hand turns.The rat's behaviour reminds the students of problem solving.In this context,what is equivalent to the maze?

In a study that is described in the textbook,participants had to decide whether rotated letters were normal or mirror images of themselves.What did an analysis of participant reaction times indicate?

At the bookstore,Sunshine finds a book entitled,Make Better Judgments! It deals with the pitfalls of heuristic use,and she considers reading it.Realistically,how might Sunshine's increased knowledge of the kinds of errors that result from heuristics affect her future judgments?

"Functional fixedness" is the term used to refer to the inability to think of a new use for an object previously associated with some other purpose.

A reader comes across the ambiguous word "bark" when reading a sentence,yet she has absolutely no difficulty understanding its intended meaning.Based on the research on lexical ambiguity,why was she able to disambiguate the word?

Describe how cognitive psychologists break down processes such as problem solving or language use into their component processes.Use serial and parallel processes,controlled processes,and automatic processes to help explain how complex mental processes are carried out.

Which type of problem best characterizes social issues such as homelessness,poverty,lack of education,and violence?

According to the text,which term refers to the process of selecting and rejecting options?

In the context of language understanding,what is a proposition?

Using the availability heuristic,how should one impress others with the seriousness of homelessness in the world?

What did Sue Savage-Rumbaugh discover when working with the apes Kanzi and Mulika?

Mental sets can enhance problem solving under some conditions.However,under which conditions are they generally inappropriate?

In the past when Aurora has gotten lost while driving,she has been more likely to stop and ask for directions than to look at a map.Now that she is lost again,she decides to stop by a convenience store to ask for directions.What does Aurora's behaviour illustrate?

With respect to language understanding,structural ambiguity refers to a situation in which a word has two meanings.

According to the philosopher H.Paul Grice,what is an overarching rule of audience design?

What have researchers concluded from studies of speech errors in the laboratory?

The teacher has written the words "quantity," "quality," "relation," and "manner" on the blackboard.What is the most likely lecture topic?

Glancing over the shoulder of a man on the bus who is reading a newspaper,Dean sees the headline "Shooting of Hunters Terrible." What does Dean's ability to disambiguate the meaning of the utterance depend primarily upon?

Psychology and Life

A: Psychology and Life

Research Methods in Psychology

A: Research Methods in Psychology

The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Evolutionary Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: the Biological Bases of Behaviour

Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

A: Sensation and Perception

Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

A: Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

Memory

A: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

Cognitive Processes

A: Memory

Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

Motivation

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

Emotion,stress,and Health

A: Emotion,stress,and Health

Understanding Human Personality

A: Understanding Human Personality

Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological Disorders

Social Psychology

A: Social Psychology

Filters