Exam 7: Introduction to the Endocrine System

Assume the following: The total area of cell membrane in a single fat cell is 10⁴ mm²,there is one insulin receptor per 1 mm² of membrane,and 1 mm² of cell membrane contains 10⁶ phospholipid molecules. (1)How many insulin receptors are in a fat cell? (2)How many phospholipids molecules are in a fat cell? (3)How many phospholipid molecules are there for each insulin receptor? (4)What general principle of hormone action does your answer support?

Synergism occurs when

List and explain two ways hormones affect their targets.

Explain the concept of evolutionary conservation of hormone activity,and how recognition of that phenomenon has influenced hormone therapies.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is

Match each term with the appropriate description. -site of vasopressin synthesis

Candace is a normal-looking 15-year-old girl but has never had a menstrual period,though she has other signs of puberty such as breasts and pubic and axillary hair.During a pelvic exam her physician determines that she has no uterus.Blood tests reveal that she has elevated amounts of testosterone in her blood,similar to that expected in young adult males.Name two typical sources of testosterone.Given the lack of a uterus,what is the likely source of testosterone in this case? What may be wrong with her? (Hint: Consider general principles of hormone secretion and action.)Why is there no uterus? What genetic test may confirm this suspicion?

Carl is suffering from hypothyroidism.What is hypothyroidism? How could his physician determine whether the malfunction is in the hypothalamus and pituitary or at the level of the gland itself?

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

Thyroid hormone secretion decreases with age.Treatment with thyroid-releasing hormone is less effective in younger patients,while treatment with thyroid hormone is more effective in younger patients. What name is given to the condition of decreased thyroid hormone secretion? What related hormones are likely to decrease as well? Propose an explanation for the loss of responsiveness to the releasing hormone.Propose an explanation for the increased responsiveness to treatment with thyroid hormone (consider both how hormones affect target cells and how hormone action is halted).

How does the embryological origin of the two distinct parts of the pituitary gland relate to the control of secretion and the types of hormones produced?

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

When adenylyl cyclase is activated,

________ is a decrease in the number of receptors of target cells in order to dampen the effects of excess hormone.

After a hormone has exerted its effects,it typically

The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a ________.

A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on ________ and ________.

List the three types of hormone interactions and provide an example of each.

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

The following statement contains three parts that are either You must address ALL THREE parts of the statement explaining either why it is TRUE or why it is FALSE. Neurohormones from the anterior pituitary are called "trophic" because their release is stimulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.