Question 1

Food, sex, and water are considered examples of

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcers. 
B)  secondary reinforcers. 
C)  continuous reinforcers. 
D)  intermittent reinforcers. 
E)  conditioned stimuli. 
A)  primary reinforcers. 
B)  secondary reinforcers. 
C)  continuous reinforcers. 
D)  intermittent reinforcers. 
E)  conditioned stimuli.

Question 2

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Accepted Answer

A)  intermittent reinforcement 
B)  interval reinforcement 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  ratio reinforcement 
E)  contiguous reinforcement 
A)  intermittent reinforcement 
B)  interval reinforcement 
C)  continuous reinforcement 
D)  ratio reinforcement 
E)  contiguous reinforcement

Question 3

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

Accepted Answer

A)  that the person must be hungry. 
B)  the individual must receive either punishment or reinforcement. 
C)  a critical impact of insight. 
D)  no learning. 
E)  that the dog salivates at the sound of the bell. 
A)  that the person must be hungry. 
B)  the individual must receive either punishment or reinforcement. 
C)  a critical impact of insight. 
D)  no learning. 
E)  that the dog salivates at the sound of the bell.

Question 4

The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

Accepted Answer

A)  hemispheric lateralization. 
B)  brain imaging. 
C)  spatial mapping. 
D)  long-term potentiation. 
E)  myelinization of neurons. 
A)  hemispheric lateralization. 
B)  brain imaging. 
C)  spatial mapping. 
D)  long-term potentiation. 
E)  myelinization of neurons.

Question 5

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  her reflexes. 
E)  spontaneous recovery. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  her reflexes. 
E)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 6

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a

Accepted Answer

A)  physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk. 
B)  physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys. 
C)  physiologist who was studying digestion. 
D)  dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows. 
E)  neurologist who was studying unconscious motivations behind behaviors. 
A)  physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk. 
B)  physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys. 
C)  physiologist who was studying digestion. 
D)  dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows. 
E)  neurologist who was studying unconscious motivations behind behaviors.

Question 7

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  variable interval 
C)  fixed ratio 
D)  variable ratio 
E)  continuous 
A)  fixed interval 
B)  variable interval 
C)  fixed ratio 
D)  variable ratio 
E)  continuous

Question 8

________ refers to the condition in which media violence reduces emotional arousal while watching violence.

Accepted Answer

A)  Counterconditioning 
B)  Extinction 
C)  Punishment 
D)  Cognitive mapping 
E)  Psychic numbing 
A)  Counterconditioning 
B)  Extinction 
C)  Punishment 
D)  Cognitive mapping 
E)  Psychic numbing

Question 9

One factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that

Accepted Answer

A)  other people can cause us to develop the connection the CS and the UCS. 
B)  once the conditioning is established, it cannot be eliminated. 
C)  the conditioned response often occurs before the unconditioned response. 
D)  there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS. 
E)  conditioning may not always involve a change in the person's response. 
A)  other people can cause us to develop the connection the CS and the UCS. 
B)  once the conditioning is established, it cannot be eliminated. 
C)  the conditioned response often occurs before the unconditioned response. 
D)  there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS. 
E)  conditioning may not always involve a change in the person's response.

Question 10

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  positive punishment. 
B)  negative punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  negative expectation. 
E)  positive reinforcement. 
A)  positive punishment. 
B)  negative punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  negative expectation. 
E)  positive reinforcement.

Question 11

Discuss three ways in which classical conditioning is different from operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

They differ in the consequences of the b

Question 12

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  observational learning 
E)  latent learning 
A)  insight learning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  observational learning 
E)  latent learning

Question 13

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  generalization gradient. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  discrimination gradient. 
E)  spontaneous recovery. 
A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  generalization gradient. 
C)  stimulus discrimination. 
D)  discrimination gradient. 
E)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 14

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

Accepted Answer

A)  Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. 
B)  Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly. 
C)  Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following. 
D)  Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present. 
E)  Simply remove Albert from the room where the conditioning originally took place. 
A)  Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. 
B)  Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly. 
C)  Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following. 
D)  Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present. 
E)  Simply remove Albert from the room where the conditioning originally took place.

Question 15

What is food-aversion learning?

Accepted Answer

The tendency of organisms to c

Question 16

The key difference between the two main forms of schedules of reinforcement is whether

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcers are given or removed. 
B)  reinforcement occurs often or rarely. 
C)  the behaviors will increase or decrease in frequency. 
D)  a person can control the consequences of the reinforcement. 
E)  reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses. 
A)  reinforcers are given or removed. 
B)  reinforcement occurs often or rarely. 
C)  the behaviors will increase or decrease in frequency. 
D)  a person can control the consequences of the reinforcement. 
E)  reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses.

Question 17

Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  variable ratio 
B)  variable interval 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  fixed ratio 
E)  continuous 
A)  variable ratio 
B)  variable interval 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  fixed ratio 
E)  continuous

Question 18

Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  extinction 
D)  shaping 
E)  generalization 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  extinction 
D)  shaping 
E)  generalization

Question 19

Reinforcement on an interval schedule is always based on

Accepted Answer

A)  performance quality. 
B)  the amount of time that has passed. 
C)  the consistency of the behaviors. 
D)  the number of accurate responses. 
E)  the notion of reinforcement being unpredictable. 
A)  performance quality. 
B)  the amount of time that has passed. 
C)  the consistency of the behaviors. 
D)  the number of accurate responses. 
E)  the notion of reinforcement being unpredictable.

Question 20

In operant conditioning, extinction involves

Accepted Answer

A)  unpredictable reinforcement. 
B)  consistent, unpleasant punishments. 
C)  withholding reinforcement. 
D)  adding new punishments. 
E)  an increase in negative reinforcement. 
A)  unpredictable reinforcement. 
B)  consistent, unpleasant punishments. 
C)  withholding reinforcement. 
D)  adding new punishments. 
E)  an increase in negative reinforcement.

Food, sex, and water are considered examples of

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

________ refers to the condition in which media violence reduces emotional arousal while watching violence.

One factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as

Discuss three ways in which classical conditioning is different from operant conditioning.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

What is food-aversion learning?

The key difference between the two main forms of schedules of reinforcement is whether

Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.

Reinforcement on an interval schedule is always based on

In operant conditioning, extinction involves

Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science

Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking and Intelligence

Development Over the Lifespan

States of Consciousness

Emotion and Motivation

Personality: Theories of the Whole Person

Social Psychology

Psychological Disorders

Therapies for Psychological Disorders

From Stress to Health and Well-Being

Filters

Exam 4: Learning and Human Nurture

Food, sex, and water are considered examples of

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

________ refers to the condition in which media violence reduces emotional arousal while watching violence.

One factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as

Discuss three ways in which classical conditioning is different from operant conditioning.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

What is food-aversion learning?

The key difference between the two main forms of schedules of reinforcement is whether

Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.

Reinforcement on an interval schedule is always based on

In operant conditioning, extinction involves

Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science

Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking and Intelligence

Development Over the Lifespan

States of Consciousness

Emotion and Motivation

Personality: Theories of the Whole Person

Social Psychology

Psychological Disorders

Therapies for Psychological Disorders

From Stress to Health and Well-Being

Filters