Question 1

Interpreting this graph,can we conclude that polio has been eradicated globally? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes,as the number of reported cases goes to zero around 1965. 
B) No,because polio is part of the normal microbiota,and could become resurgent if vaccination efforts lapse. 
C) No,because the graph only depicts incidence of polio in the United States. 
D) Yes,because a zero incidence rate for over 40 years clearly indicates there are no longer any susceptibles left in the global population. 
A) Yes,as the number of reported cases goes to zero around 1965. 
B) No,because polio is part of the normal microbiota,and could become resurgent if vaccination efforts lapse. 
C) No,because the graph only depicts incidence of polio in the United States. 
D) Yes,because a zero incidence rate for over 40 years clearly indicates there are no longer any susceptibles left in the global population. C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Both members are harmed in a symbiotic relationship. 
B) Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other. 
C) A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host. 
D) Symbiosis always refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other. 
E) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship. 
A) Both members are harmed in a symbiotic relationship. 
B) Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other. 
C) A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host. 
D) Symbiosis always refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other. 
E) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship. E

Question 3

Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called

Accepted Answer

A) ecology. 
B) epidemiology. 
C) communicable disease. 
D) morbidity and mortality. 
E) public health. 
A) ecology. 
B) epidemiology. 
C) communicable disease. 
D) morbidity and mortality. 
E) public health.

Question 5

Figure 14.4
   
Salmonella Heidelberg gastroenteritis occurred on three cruises aboard the T.S.S.Festivale.Figure 14.4 shows on-board clinic visits for diarrheal illness between February 10 and March 3.Explain the incidence pattern shown on the graph.What are probable modes of transmission? What changes would you recommend before the ship books more cruises after March 3?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Figure 14.4
   
Salmonella Heidelberg gastroenteritis...

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?

Accepted Answer

A) lifestyle 
B) genetic background 
C) climate 
D) occupation 
E) All of these are predisposing factors of disease. 
A) lifestyle 
B) genetic background 
C) climate 
D) occupation 
E) All of these are predisposing factors of disease.

Question 7

Would you expect the graph to change if this was for the southern hemisphere,rather than the northern hemisphere? If so,how?

Accepted Answer

A) No,the graph would not change.Influenza epidemics occur at the same time each year. 
B) Yes,because the population in the northern hemisphere is less than that in the southern hemisphere,the peak of the graph would be higher. 
C) Yes,because the weather is hotter in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere,you could expect to see less cases overall in the graph,leading to a lower peak. 
D) Yes,because the seasons are reversed in the southern hemisphere.While weather doesn't directly cause influenza outbreaks,the cold,dry air and human crowding indoors contribute to increased cases.The southern hemisphere would still have a peak,but it would be at a different time of year than the northern hemisphere. 
A) No,the graph would not change.Influenza epidemics occur at the same time each year. 
B) Yes,because the population in the northern hemisphere is less than that in the southern hemisphere,the peak of the graph would be higher. 
C) Yes,because the weather is hotter in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere,you could expect to see less cases overall in the graph,leading to a lower peak. 
D) Yes,because the seasons are reversed in the southern hemisphere.While weather doesn't directly cause influenza outbreaks,the cold,dry air and human crowding indoors contribute to increased cases.The southern hemisphere would still have a peak,but it would be at a different time of year than the northern hemisphere.

Question 8

Refer to Figure 14.2
  
-In Figure 14.2,when is the prevalence the highest?

Accepted Answer

A) July 
B) January 
C) February 
D) March 
A) July 
B) January 
C) February 
D) March

Question 9

For a particular disease at a specific time period,morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A burn patient is one example of a compromised host.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

When studying the epidemiology of a particular disease,why are retrospective studies commonly undertaken before prospective studies?

Accepted Answer

Retrospective studies are commonly under

Question 12

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota

Accepted Answer

A) cause diseases. 
B) are found in a certain location on the host. 
C) are always acquired by direct contact. 
D) are present for a relatively short time. 
E) never cause disease. 
A) cause diseases. 
B) are found in a certain location on the host. 
C) are always acquired by direct contact. 
D) are present for a relatively short time. 
E) never cause disease.

Question 13

A needlestick is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) direct contact. 
B) droplet transmission. 
C) indirect contact transmission by fomite. 
D) direct biological transmission by vector. 
E) vehicle transmission. 
A) direct contact. 
B) droplet transmission. 
C) indirect contact transmission by fomite. 
D) direct biological transmission by vector. 
E) vehicle transmission.

Question 14

Refer to figure 14.1
  
-In Figure 14.1,which letter on the graph indicates the epidemic level?

Accepted Answer

A) a 
B) b 
C) c 
D) d 
A) a 
B) b 
C) c 
D) d

Question 15

Situation 14.1

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever ≥ 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years.

-The method of transmission of the disease in Situation 14.1 was

Accepted Answer

A) direct contact. 
B) droplet. 
C) indirect contact. 
D) vector-borne. 
E) vehicle. 
A) direct contact. 
B) droplet. 
C) indirect contact. 
D) vector-borne. 
E) vehicle.

Question 16

Diseases that are referred to as emerging infectious diseases have only been discovered in the past fifty years.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to

Accepted Answer

A) increased use of antibiotics. 
B) improved handwashing. 
C) vaccinations. 
D) antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. 
E) None of the answers is correct. 
A) increased use of antibiotics. 
B) improved handwashing. 
C) vaccinations. 
D) antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 18

A researcher only needs to select a cohort group when implementing an analytical epidemiological study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism?

Accepted Answer

A) acid production by bacteria 
B) bacteriocin production 
C) bacteria occupying host receptors 
D) bacteria causing disease 
E) bacteria producing vitamin K 
A) acid production by bacteria 
B) bacteriocin production 
C) bacteria occupying host receptors 
D) bacteria causing disease 
E) bacteria producing vitamin K

Question 20

A researcher has performed a prospective study on a disease.To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring?

Accepted Answer

A) analytical 
B) case control 
C) descriptive 
D) experimental 
E) prodromal 
A) analytical 
B) case control 
C) descriptive 
D) experimental 
E) prodromal

Exam 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Interpreting this graph,can we conclude that polio has been eradicated globally? Why or why not?

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens.

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?

Would you expect the graph to change if this was for the southern hemisphere,rather than the northern hemisphere? If so,how?

Refer to Figure 14.2 -In Figure 14.2,when is the prevalence the highest?

For a particular disease at a specific time period,morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates.

A burn patient is one example of a compromised host.

When studying the epidemiology of a particular disease,why are retrospective studies commonly undertaken before prospective studies?

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota

A needlestick is an example of

Refer to figure 14.1 -In Figure 14.1,which letter on the graph indicates the epidemic level?

Diseases that are referred to as emerging infectious diseases have only been discovered in the past fifty years.

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to

A researcher only needs to select a cohort group when implementing an analytical epidemiological study.

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism?

A researcher has performed a prospective study on a disease.To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring?

The Microbial World and You

Chemical Principles

Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Growth

The Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Genetics

Biotechnology and Dna Technology

Classification of Microorganisms

The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotes: Fungi, algae, protozoa, and Helminths

Viruses,viroids,and Prions

Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

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Practical Applications of Immunology

Disorders Associated With the Immune System

Antimicrobial Drugs

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Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

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