Question 1

Figure 8.5  
-In Figure 8.5,which model of the lac operon correctly shows RNA polymerase,lactose,and repressor protein when the structural genes are being transcribed?

Accepted Answer

A) a 
B) b 
C) c 
D) d 
E) e 
A) a 
B) b 
C) c 
D) d 
E) e

Question 2

The DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is

Accepted Answer

A) never repaired. 
B) repaired during transcription. 
C) repaired during translation. 
D) cut out and replaced. 
E) repaired by DNA replication. 
A) never repaired. 
B) repaired during transcription. 
C) repaired during translation. 
D) cut out and replaced. 
E) repaired by DNA replication.

Question 3

The ozone layer of the Earth has been depleted to an extent by human release of certain chemicals.What type of mutation,caused by the induction of thymine dimer formation,is more likely to occur in organisms on Earth as a result of this problem?

Accepted Answer

A) silent mutation 
B) nonsense mutation 
C) missense mutation 
D) frameshift mutation 
A) silent mutation 
B) nonsense mutation 
C) missense mutation 
D) frameshift mutation

Question 4

Open-reading frames are segments of DNA in which both start and stop codons are found.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Table 8.2
Codons in mRNA molecule and their corresponding amino acids
 $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | } 
\hline \text { UUU } & \text { Phenylalanine } & \text { UAU } & \text { tyrosine } \
\hline \text { UUA } & \text { leucine } & \text { UAA } & \text { nonsense } \
\hline \text { GCA } & \text { alanine } & \text { AAU } & \text { asparagine } \
\hline \text { AAG } & \text { lysine } & \text { UGC } & \text { cysteine } \
\hline \text { GUU } & \text { valine } & \text { UCG, UCU } & \text { serine } \
\hline
\end{array}$$

-Refer to Table 8.2.If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is serine-alanine-lysine-leucine,the coding for the antisense strand of DNA is

Accepted Answer

A) 5' ACAGTTTCAAT 3'. 
B) 5' TCTGCAAAGTTA 3'. 
C) 3' UGUGCAAAGUUA 5'. 
D) 3' UCUCGAAAGUUA 5'. 
E) 3' TCACGUUUCAAU 5'. 
A) 5' ACAGTTTCAAT 3'. 
B) 5' TCTGCAAAGTTA 3'. 
C) 3' UGUGCAAAGUUA 5'. 
D) 3' UCUCGAAAGUUA 5'. 
E) 3' TCACGUUUCAAU 5'.

Question 6

Figure 8.2
  
-In Figure 8.2,base 5 (and ONLY the base)is covalently bound/attached to

Accepted Answer

A) ribose. 
B) phosphate. 
C) deoxyribose. 
D) thymine. 
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided. 
A) ribose. 
B) phosphate. 
C) deoxyribose. 
D) thymine. 
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

Question 7

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell

Accepted Answer

A) by a bacteriophage. 
B) as naked DNA in solution. 
C) by cell-to-cell contact. 
D) by crossing over. 
E) by sexual reproduction. 
A) by a bacteriophage. 
B) as naked DNA in solution. 
C) by cell-to-cell contact. 
D) by crossing over. 
E) by sexual reproduction.

Question 8

Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway
  
-In Figure 8.3,if enzyme A is a repressible enzyme,compound C would

Accepted Answer

A) always be in excess. 
B) bind to Enzyme A. 
C) bind to the corepressor for Gene a. 
D) bind to RNA polymerase. 
E) bind directly to gene a. 
A) always be in excess. 
B) bind to Enzyme A. 
C) bind to the corepressor for Gene a. 
D) bind to RNA polymerase. 
E) bind directly to gene a.

Question 9

Table $ 8.1 $
Culture 1: $ \mathrm{F}^{+} $, leucine $ { }^{+} $, histidine $ { }^{+} $
Culture 2: $ \mathrm{F}^{-} $, leucine- , histidine-
-In Table 8.1,if culture 1 mutates to Hfr,what will be the result of conjugation between the two cultures?

Accepted Answer

A) They will both remain the same. 
B) 1 will become F⁺,leu⁺,his⁺; 2 will become F⁺,leu⁺,his⁺ 
C) 1 will remain the same; recombination may occur in 2 
D) 1 will become F⁻,leu⁺,his⁺; 2 will become Hfr,leu+,his+ 
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided. 
A) They will both remain the same. 
B) 1 will become F⁺,leu⁺,his⁺; 2 will become F⁺,leu⁺,his⁺ 
C) 1 will remain the same; recombination may occur in 2 
D) 1 will become F⁻,leu⁺,his⁺; 2 will become Hfr,leu+,his+ 
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

Question 10

Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway
  
-In Figure 8.3,if enzyme A is an inducible enzyme,

Accepted Answer

A) compound C would bind to the repressor for Gene a. 
B) compound A would bind to the repressor for Gene a. 
C) compound B would bind to enzyme A directly. 
D) compound A would react with enzyme B directly. 
E) compound C would react with gene a directly. 
A) compound C would bind to the repressor for Gene a. 
B) compound A would bind to the repressor for Gene a. 
C) compound B would bind to enzyme A directly. 
D) compound A would react with enzyme B directly. 
E) compound C would react with gene a directly.

Question 11

The initial/first effect of ionizing radiation on a cell is that it causes

Accepted Answer

A) DNA to break. 
B) bonding between adjacent thymines. 
C) base substitutions. 
D) the formation of highly reactive ions. 
E) the cells to get hot. 
A) DNA to break. 
B) bonding between adjacent thymines. 
C) base substitutions. 
D) the formation of highly reactive ions. 
E) the cells to get hot.

Question 12

Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

A) have exons. 
B) have introns. 
C) require snRNPS. 
D) use methionine as the "start" amino acid. 
E) use codons to determine polypeptide sequences. 
A) have exons. 
B) have introns. 
C) require snRNPS. 
D) use methionine as the "start" amino acid. 
E) use codons to determine polypeptide sequences.

Question 13

The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube.The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus,and the template is from a human cell.The DNA synthesized would be most similar to

Accepted Answer

A) human DNA. 
B) T)aquaticus DNA. 
C) a mixture of human and T.aquaticus DNA. 
D) human RNA. 
E) T)aquaticus RNA. 
A) human DNA. 
B) T)aquaticus DNA. 
C) a mixture of human and T.aquaticus DNA. 
D) human RNA. 
E) T)aquaticus RNA.

Question 14

Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade.Using your knowledge of genetics,describe how bacterial populations can develop drug resistance in such a short time frame.

Accepted Answer

Bacterial populations can develop drug r

Question 15

Table $ 8.1 $
Culture 1: $ \mathrm{F}^{+} $, leucine $ { }^{+} $, histidine $ { }^{+} $
Culture 2: $ \mathrm{F}^{-} $, leucine- , histidine-
-In Table 8.1,what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2 (reminder: F+ has a different meaning than Hfr)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F⁺,leucine⁻,histidine⁻ 
B) 1 will become F⁻,leu⁺,his⁺; 2 will become F⁺,leu⁻,his⁻ 
C) 1 will become F⁻,leu⁻,his⁻; 2 will remain the same 
D) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F⁺,leu⁺,his⁺ 
E) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F⁺ and recombination may occur 
A) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F⁺,leucine⁻,histidine⁻ 
B) 1 will become F⁻,leu⁺,his⁺; 2 will become F⁺,leu⁻,his⁻ 
C) 1 will become F⁻,leu⁻,his⁻; 2 will remain the same 
D) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F⁺,leu⁺,his⁺ 
E) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F⁺ and recombination may occur

Question 16

How might gene expression processes be altered if the genetic code were not degenerate in nature?

Accepted Answer

If the genetic code were not degenerate

Question 17

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction (5' to 3')only. 
B) The leading strand of DNA is made continuously. 
C) The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer. 
D) DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome. 
E) Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome. 
A) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction (5' to 3')only. 
B) The leading strand of DNA is made continuously. 
C) The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer. 
D) DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome. 
E) Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome.

Question 18

Figure 8.2
  
-In Figure 8.2,if base 4 is adenine,what is base 11' (remember the complimentary configuration of bases in DNA)?

Accepted Answer

A) adenine 
B) thymine 
C) cytosine 
D) guanine 
E) uracil 
A) adenine 
B) thymine 
C) cytosine 
D) guanine 
E) uracil

Question 19

When ultraviolet light strikes DNA,it can cause a specific type of damage.How is this damage best described?

Accepted Answer

A) Thymine bases on the opposing DNA strands are covalently linked together to form a thymine dimer. 
B) Thymine bases on one strand of DNA,next to each other,are covalently linked together to form a thymine dimer. 
C) Adenine and thymine bases on opposing DNA strands are linked together by hydrogen bonds. 
D) Adenine and thymine bases on opposing DNA strands are covalently linked together to form an AT dimer. 
A) Thymine bases on the opposing DNA strands are covalently linked together to form a thymine dimer. 
B) Thymine bases on one strand of DNA,next to each other,are covalently linked together to form a thymine dimer. 
C) Adenine and thymine bases on opposing DNA strands are linked together by hydrogen bonds. 
D) Adenine and thymine bases on opposing DNA strands are covalently linked together to form an AT dimer.

Question 20

Could you perform the Ames test with a strain of bacteria that was auxotrophic for something other than histidine? How would the setup and execution of the experiment change,and why?

Accepted Answer

The Ames test is a bacterial assay used

Exam 8: Microbial Genetics

Figure 8.5 -In Figure 8.5,which model of the lac operon correctly shows RNA polymerase,lactose,and repressor protein when the structural genes are being transcribed?

The DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is

The ozone layer of the Earth has been depleted to an extent by human release of certain chemicals.What type of mutation,caused by the induction of thymine dimer formation,is more likely to occur in organisms on Earth as a result of this problem?

Open-reading frames are segments of DNA in which both start and stop codons are found.

Figure 8.2 -In Figure 8.2,base 5 (and ONLY the base)is covalently bound/attached to

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell

Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway -In Figure 8.3,if enzyme A is a repressible enzyme,compound C would

Table 8.1 8.1 8.1 Culture 1: F+ \mathrm{F}^{+} F+ , leucine + { }^{+} + , histidine + { }^{+} + Culture 2: F− \mathrm{F}^{-} F− , leucine- , histidine- -In Table 8.1,if culture 1 mutates to Hfr,what will be the result of conjugation between the two cultures?

Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway -In Figure 8.3,if enzyme A is an inducible enzyme,

The initial/first effect of ionizing radiation on a cell is that it causes

Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube.The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus,and the template is from a human cell.The DNA synthesized would be most similar to

Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade.Using your knowledge of genetics,describe how bacterial populations can develop drug resistance in such a short time frame.

Table 8.1 8.1 8.1 Culture 1: F+ \mathrm{F}^{+} F+ , leucine + { }^{+} + , histidine + { }^{+} + Culture 2: F− \mathrm{F}^{-} F− , leucine- , histidine- -In Table 8.1,what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2 (reminder: F+ has a different meaning than Hfr)?

How might gene expression processes be altered if the genetic code were not degenerate in nature?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Figure 8.2 -In Figure 8.2,if base 4 is adenine,what is base 11' (remember the complimentary configuration of bases in DNA)?

When ultraviolet light strikes DNA,it can cause a specific type of damage.How is this damage best described?

Could you perform the Ames test with a strain of bacteria that was auxotrophic for something other than histidine? How would the setup and execution of the experiment change,and why?

The Microbial World and You

Chemical Principles

Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Growth

The Control of Microbial Growth

Biotechnology and Dna Technology

Classification of Microorganisms

The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotes: Fungi, algae, protozoa, and Helminths

Viruses,viroids,and Prions

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host

Practical Applications of Immunology

Disorders Associated With the Immune System

Antimicrobial Drugs

Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes

Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Environmental Microbiology

Applied and Industrial Microbiology

Filters

Table $8.1$ Culture 1: $\mathrm{F}^{+}$ , leucine ${ }^{+}$ , histidine ${ }^{+}$ Culture 2: $\mathrm{F}^{-}$ , leucine- , histidine- -In Table 8.1,if culture 1 mutates to Hfr,what will be the result of conjugation between the two cultures?

Table $8.1$ Culture 1: $\mathrm{F}^{+}$ , leucine ${ }^{+}$ , histidine ${ }^{+}$ Culture 2: $\mathrm{F}^{-}$ , leucine- , histidine- -In Table 8.1,what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2 (reminder: F+ has a different meaning than Hfr)?