Exam 13: Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

The sensory fibers of the muscle spindle organs synapse onto

The effector in a reflex is the

You are studying for your physiology test with your lab partner.She insists that the purpose of the knee jerk reflex is to test for neural or muscular damage.State whether or not you agree with her, and why.

________ allows the body to anticipate a stimulus and begin the response, whereas negative feedback results in the ________ of a response.

Are relaxation of a muscle and inhibition of a muscle the same thing? Explain your answer.

The tension maintained in a muscle at rest is known as ________.

In a ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.

Bowel and bladder control involve spinal reflex pathways that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord.In both instances, two sphincter muscles, an inner sphincter of smooth muscle and an outer sphincter of skeletal muscle, control the passage of waste out of the body.How would completely severing the spinal cord at the lumbar level affect an individual's bowel and bladder control?

Draw a diagram of the cerebral motor cortex and descending input to spinal motor neurons.Voluntary suppression of the knee jerk reflex originates in the motor cortex, which can send inhibitory signals to the motor neurons.If the left motor cortex is active, is the left or right knee jerk reflex suppressed or are both suppressed? Explain your answer.If the left side of the spinal cord at the level of leg muscle control is damaged, is it the left or right knee jerk reflex that is suppressed or are both suppressed?

Compare and contrast the three categories of movement described in the text and give an example of each.

A.Ernie, an experienced batter, steps up to the plate, looks off into the distance, and plans where to hit the baseball.He then swings the bat, connects with the ball, sends it into the air, and follows through the swing with his arms, hips, and knees, and shifts his weight from one leg to the other.He watches the ball fly away, and takes off for first base.Explain what areas of the central nervous system are working during each phase of the action outlined, and which step is controlled by each part. B.Continue to integrate this with information from other topics as the action continues: Ernie hears the umpire yell "Infield fly! Batter's out!" He remembers the rules of the game, slows his pace, and leaves the baseline before arriving at first base.

A muscle at rest exerts no tension.Is this statement True or False? Explain your answer.

Rhythmic reflexive motor activities, such as breathing or walking, are controlled by networks of neurons in the central nervous system called ________.

Most reflex movements are integrated by

Spinal interneurons prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intended movement by

Autonomic reflexes are also called ________ reflexes.

The collection of pathways controlling a single joint is known as ________.The simplest reflex in this collection of pathways is the ________, which involves only two neurons: ________ neuron from the ________ and the ________ neuron to the muscle.

The control of voluntary movement can be divided into what three steps?

In order to flex a limb, the extensors must first be relaxed and vice versa.This is done by a process called ________.

What are the three levels of nervous system that control movement? Briefly describe their roles.