Question 1

What steps are necessary to terminate neurotransmitter action? What would happen if these steps failed?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter molecules are either en

Question 2

Match the answers to the questions.
-The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

Accepted Answer

A) True only for the sympathetic division 
B) True only for the parasympathetic division 
C) True for both divisions 
A) True only for the sympathetic division 
B) True only for the parasympathetic division 
C) True for both divisions

Question 3

Both alpha-bungarotoxin and curare bind to the same neurotransmitter receptor, but only curare binds reversibly.Which receptor is involved? List some locations for this receptor.Would either toxin be appropriate to use as a paralytic during surgery? Explain your answer.Are all such receptors necessarily affected by a given toxin in the same way? Explain the significance of your answer.

Accepted Answer

Both of these toxins bind to the nicotin

Question 4

Sweat glands contain

Accepted Answer

A)  cholinergic receptors. 
B)  alpha receptors. 
C)  beta receptors. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
E)  None of the answers are correct. 
A)  cholinergic receptors. 
B)  alpha receptors. 
C)  beta receptors. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
E)  None of the answers are correct.

Question 5

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

Accepted Answer

A)  it is a source of catecholamines. 
B)  it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. 
C)  it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. 
D)  it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. 
E)  it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. 
A)  it is a source of catecholamines. 
B)  it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. 
C)  it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. 
D)  it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. 
E)  it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

Question 6

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division.

Accepted Answer

A)  somatic 
B)  sensory 
C)  autonomic 
D)  somatic and sensory 
E)  somatic and autonomic 
A)  somatic 
B)  sensory 
C)  autonomic 
D)  somatic and sensory 
E)  somatic and autonomic

Question 7

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger...

Question 8

If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

Accepted Answer

A)  constriction of respiratory tubes 
B)  hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) 
C)  increase in fatty acids in the blood 
D)  localized sweating 
E)  decreased heart rate 
A)  constriction of respiratory tubes 
B)  hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) 
C)  increase in fatty acids in the blood 
D)  localized sweating 
E)  decreased heart rate

Question 9

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

Accepted Answer

A)  increases heart rate. 
B)  increases gastric motility. 
C)  causes sweat glands to release sweat. 
D)  causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. 
E)  causes the pupils to dilate. 
A)  increases heart rate. 
B)  increases gastric motility. 
C)  causes sweat glands to release sweat. 
D)  causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. 
E)  causes the pupils to dilate.

Question 10

Describe the different types of cholinergic receptors in the nervous system.Which neurotransmitter binds to each type?

Accepted Answer

Cholinergic receptors are eith

Question 11

You and your fellow deep-sea scientists have discovered a new form of marine invertebrate, and are anxious to determine the similarities and differences to animals already characterized.Chemical analysis reveals the following concentrations of permeable cations:
 $$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } 
\hline \text { [on } & \text { in] } \mathrm { mM } & \text { out] } \mathrm { mM } \
\hline \mathrm { Na } ^ { + } & 50 & 450 \
\hline \mathrm { K } ^ { + } & 420 & 20 \
\hline \mathrm { Mg } ^ { + + } & 10 & 60 \
\hline \mathrm { Cl } ^ { - } & 50 & 550 \
\hline
\end{array}$$ 
Nernst equation: ES1U1B1ionS1U1B0 = 61/z × log [ion]S1U1B1outS1U1B0/[ion]S1U1B1inS1U1B0
-Control of the neuromuscular junction in this new invertebrate is found to involve dual innervation, where one motor neuron secretes an excitatory neurotransmitter and another secretes an inhibitory neurotransmitter onto the muscle.How does this compare to the human neuromuscular junction? Propose three different types of inhibitory receptors/channels that would produce inhibition of the invertebrate muscle, specifying ion and direction of ion flow.For each ion, calculate the equilibrium potential.What similarity do you notice in the equilibrium potentials of the ions involved, and how is that significant? How may inhibition be accomplished in human muscle?

Accepted Answer

The human neuromuscular junction is inne

Question 12

Match the response with the type of chemical.
-salivation

Accepted Answer

A) sympathetic agonist 
B) parasympathetic agonist 
A) sympathetic agonist 
B) parasympathetic agonist

Question 13

Each of these statements is True EXCEPT one.Identify the exception.

Accepted Answer

A)  Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. 
B)  β₁ receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
C)  β₂ receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood. 
D)  Activation of α receptors opens Na⁺ channels in the membrane. 
A)  Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. 
B)  β₁ receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
C)  β₂ receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood. 
D)  Activation of α receptors opens Na⁺ channels in the membrane.

Question 14

Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system.Which neurotransmitter binds to each type? For those that bind more than one neurotransmitter, how does the response to the neurotransmitters compare?

Accepted Answer

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and be

Question 15

Match the following with its description.
-released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

Accepted Answer

A) acetylcholine 
B) norepinephrine 
C) cholinergic nicotinic receptor 
D) adrenergic receptor 
E) cholinergic muscarinic receptor 
A) acetylcholine 
B) norepinephrine 
C) cholinergic nicotinic receptor 
D) adrenergic receptor 
E) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Question 16

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division.

Accepted Answer

A)  somatic 
B)  sensory 
C)  autonomic 
D)  somatic and sensory 
E)  somatic and autonomic 
A)  somatic 
B)  sensory 
C)  autonomic 
D)  somatic and sensory 
E)  somatic and autonomic

Question 17

Match the response with the type of chemical.
-pupil dilation

Accepted Answer

A) sympathetic agonist 
B) parasympathetic agonist 
A) sympathetic agonist 
B) parasympathetic agonist

Question 18

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors.Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. 
B)  The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. 
C)  There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. 
D)  The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. 
E)  The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs. 
A)  The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. 
B)  The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. 
C)  There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. 
D)  The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. 
E)  The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

Exam 11: Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

What steps are necessary to terminate neurotransmitter action? What would happen if these steps failed?

Match the answers to the questions. -The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

Sweat glands contain

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division.

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

Describe the different types of cholinergic receptors in the nervous system.Which neurotransmitter binds to each type?

Match the response with the type of chemical. -salivation

Each of these statements is True EXCEPT one.Identify the exception.

Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system.Which neurotransmitter binds to each type? For those that bind more than one neurotransmitter, how does the response to the neurotransmitters compare?

Match the following with its description. -released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division.

Match the response with the type of chemical. -pupil dilation

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors.Why?

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Membrane Dynamics

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

The Kidneys

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

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