Question 1

There are three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder-two from the ureters and one into the urethra.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Determine the filtration pressure based on the following values:
A. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is 55 mm Hg.
B. The glomerular osmotic pressure is 27 mm Hg.
C. The capsular hydrostatic pressure is 18 mm Hg.

Accepted Answer

To determine the net filtration pressure (NFP) in the kidneys, we need to consider the forces that favor and oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries. The net filtration pressure is the balance of the following pressures:

1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) - the blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries, which promotes filtration by pushing water and solutes out of the blood and into the glomerular capsule.
2. Glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP) - the pressure exerted by the proteins in the blood plasma within the glomerular capillaries, which opposes filtration by pulling water back into the blood due to the presence of proteins that cannot pass through the capillary walls.
3. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) - the pressure within the Bowman's capsule, which opposes filtration by pushing water and solutes back into the blood.

The net filtration pressure is calculated using the following equation:

NFP = GHP - GOP - CHP

Given the values:
A. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) = 55 mm Hg
B. Glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP) = 27 mm Hg
C. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) = 18 mm Hg

We can plug these values into the equation to calculate the NFP:

NFP = 55 mm Hg (GHP) - 27 mm Hg (GOP) - 18 mm Hg (CHP)
NFP = 55 - 27 - 18
NFP = 28 - 18
NFP = 10 mm Hg

Therefore, the net filtration pressure is 10 mm Hg. This is the effective pressure that drives the filtration of blood through the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule, initiating the process of urine formation in the kidneys.

Question 3

Both ADH and aldosterone attempt to decrease normal urine output.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Which blood vessels empty into the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interlobar arteries 
B)  Afferent arterioles 
C)  Lobar arteries 
D)  Arcuate arteries 
A)  Interlobar arteries 
B)  Afferent arterioles 
C)  Lobar arteries 
D)  Arcuate arteries

Question 5

Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced?

Accepted Answer

A)  ANH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  ADH 
D)  Both B and C 
A)  ANH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  ADH 
D)  Both B and C

Question 6

The microvilli on the luminal surface of each epithelial cell in the proximal tubule wall will:

Accepted Answer

A)  form a brush border that increases absorptive surface area of the entire inner surface of the proximal tubule. 
B)  form an electrical gradient that drives the diffusion of negative ions from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid. 
C)  participate in the countercurrent mechanism, which allows the contents to flow in opposite directions. 
D)  increase the secretory surface area of the entire inner surface of the proximal tubule. 
A)  form a brush border that increases absorptive surface area of the entire inner surface of the proximal tubule. 
B)  form an electrical gradient that drives the diffusion of negative ions from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid. 
C)  participate in the countercurrent mechanism, which allows the contents to flow in opposite directions. 
D)  increase the secretory surface area of the entire inner surface of the proximal tubule.

Question 7

Which statement identifies two blood indicators of renal dysfunction and best explains why they can be as such?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased urea and creatinine levels in the blood indicate the inability of the kidney to filter creatinine and urea. 
B)  Glucose in urine and complete blood count elevations indicate the kidney's inability to produce red blood cells. 
C)  pH and specific gravity elevation indicate kidney dysfunction because an increase in solutes prevents the kidney from filtering correctly. 
D)  Albumin and acetone decreases indicate that the kidney is unable to reabsorb these in the loop of Henle. 
A)  Increased urea and creatinine levels in the blood indicate the inability of the kidney to filter creatinine and urea. 
B)  Glucose in urine and complete blood count elevations indicate the kidney's inability to produce red blood cells. 
C)  pH and specific gravity elevation indicate kidney dysfunction because an increase in solutes prevents the kidney from filtering correctly. 
D)  Albumin and acetone decreases indicate that the kidney is unable to reabsorb these in the loop of Henle.

Question 8

Osmosis in the kidney relies on the availability of and proper function of aquaporins.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The urinary system can be seen as a urine producer and a blood plasma balancer.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

If the Tmₐₓ for glucose was 300 mg/100 ml and a person had a glucose of 325 mg/100 ml, that person would have a glucose level of 25 mg/100 ml in the blood leaving the kidney and 300 mg/100 ml in the urine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Electrolytes are excreted by both the urinary and integumentary systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In the average bladder, about 500 ml of urine causes moderate distention and a desire to void.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which nitrogenous waste is the most abundant found in urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Uric acid 
B)  Urea 
C)  Ammonia 
D)  Creatinine 
A)  Uric acid 
B)  Urea 
C)  Ammonia 
D)  Creatinine

Question 14

Which of the following is not a part of the glomerular-capsular membrane?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parietal layer of Bowman capsule 
B)  Visceral layer of Bowman capsule 
C)  Glomerular endothelium 
D)  Basement membrane 
A)  Parietal layer of Bowman capsule 
B)  Visceral layer of Bowman capsule 
C)  Glomerular endothelium 
D)  Basement membrane

Question 15

There are how many openings in the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

A)  One 
B)  Two 
C)  Three 
D)  Four 
A)  One 
B)  Two 
C)  Three 
D)  Four

Question 16

A hydrostatic pressure gradient causes fluids to move from the glomerulus into Bowman capsule.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Fluid in the nephron would flow through these structures in which order?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, bowman capsule, distal tubule, collecting duct 
B)  Bowman capsule, loop of Henle, proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct 
C)  Bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct 
D)  None of the above are in the correct order. 
A)  Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, bowman capsule, distal tubule, collecting duct 
B)  Bowman capsule, loop of Henle, proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct 
C)  Bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct 
D)  None of the above are in the correct order.

Question 18

The proximal tubule is the second part of the nephron but the first part of the renal tubules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The urinary meatus is the tube leading from the bladder to the exterior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

As the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule increases, the amount of _____ increases.

Accepted Answer

A)  potassium ions absorbed also 
B)  hydrogen ions absorbed also 
C)  potassium ions secreted 
D)  Both A and B are correct. 
A)  potassium ions absorbed also 
B)  hydrogen ions absorbed also 
C)  potassium ions secreted 
D)  Both A and B are correct.

Exam 42: Urinary System

There are three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder-two from the ureters and one into the urethra.

Determine the filtration pressure based on the following values: A. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is 55 mm Hg. B. The glomerular osmotic pressure is 27 mm Hg. C. The capsular hydrostatic pressure is 18 mm Hg.

Both ADH and aldosterone attempt to decrease normal urine output.

Which blood vessels empty into the glomerulus?

Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced?

The microvilli on the luminal surface of each epithelial cell in the proximal tubule wall will:

Which statement identifies two blood indicators of renal dysfunction and best explains why they can be as such?

Osmosis in the kidney relies on the availability of and proper function of aquaporins.

The urinary system can be seen as a urine producer and a blood plasma balancer.

If the Tmₐₓ for glucose was 300 mg/100 ml and a person had a glucose of 325 mg/100 ml, that person would have a glucose level of 25 mg/100 ml in the blood leaving the kidney and 300 mg/100 ml in the urine.

Electrolytes are excreted by both the urinary and integumentary systems.

In the average bladder, about 500 ml of urine causes moderate distention and a desire to void.

Which nitrogenous waste is the most abundant found in urine?

Which of the following is not a part of the glomerular-capsular membrane?

There are how many openings in the urinary bladder?

A hydrostatic pressure gradient causes fluids to move from the glomerulus into Bowman capsule.

Fluid in the nephron would flow through these structures in which order?

The proximal tubule is the second part of the nephron but the first part of the renal tubules.

The urinary meatus is the tube leading from the bladder to the exterior.

As the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule increases, the amount of _____ increases.

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