Question 1

The core of a virus is a ____ molecule.

Accepted Answer

A)  protein 
B)  sugar 
C)  nucleic acid 
D)  fat 
E)  phosphate 
A)  protein 
B)  sugar 
C)  nucleic acid 
D)  fat 
E)  phosphate

Question 2

Arrange the following steps of the HIV life cycle in order: 1.Viral RNAs and proteins assemble into new viral particles that bud from the cell.
2)DNA copy of the viral genome is integrated into the host genome.
3)Viral reverse transcriptase makes a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral RNA genome.
4)Viral particle enters the cell.
5)The provirus is transcribed into viral RNA genomes and mRNAs to make viral proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  3,2,5,1,4 
B)  2,3,4,5,1 
C)  4,2,3,1,5 
D)  2,4,3,5,1 
E)  4,3,2,5,1 
A)  3,2,5,1,4 
B)  2,3,4,5,1 
C)  4,2,3,1,5 
D)  2,4,3,5,1 
E)  4,3,2,5,1

Question 3

Figure 17.2
-
The accompanying figure above shows the distances between genes in minutes. Assume that the time listed between two genes corresponds to the transfer time of the first of the two genes in the pair. Use the figure to answer questions .
Suppose that after bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell contained the a and b genes. From this information, what can you conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  The donor cell was unable to make contact with the recipient cell. 
B)  The donor cell was F-. 
C)  The donor cell produced an abnormal sex pilus. 
D)  All of the genes could not fit through the sex pilus at one time. 
E)  The sex pilus was broken before the rest of the genes could be transferred. 
A)  The donor cell was unable to make contact with the recipient cell. 
B)  The donor cell was F-. 
C)  The donor cell produced an abnormal sex pilus. 
D)  All of the genes could not fit through the sex pilus at one time. 
E)  The sex pilus was broken before the rest of the genes could be transferred.

Question 4

Figure 17.2
-
The accompanying figure above shows the distances between genes in minutes. Assume that the time listed between two genes corresponds to the transfer time of the first of the two genes in the pair. Use the figure to answer questions .
According to the accompanying figure, what is the order in which the genes will be transferred to an F- cell during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

A)  c-d-a-b 
B)  d-a-b-c 
C)  b-c-d-a 
D)  a-b-c-d 
E)  d-c-a-b 
A)  c-d-a-b 
B)  d-a-b-c 
C)  b-c-d-a 
D)  a-b-c-d 
E)  d-c-a-b

Question 5

How does a phage transfer DNA from one bacterium to another?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phages form a bridge between bacterial cells that allows DNA to pass from the host cell to the recipient cell. 
B)  Phages form a bridge between bacterial cells that allows DNA to pass in both directions between the two cells. 
C)  Phages lyse bacterial cells, releasing bacterial DNA into the environment, which is taken up by other phages for transfer to new cells. 
D)  When phages assemble in an infected bacterial cell, they may incorporate host DNA; released phages may attach to other cells and inject the bacterial DNA into those cells. 
E)  Phages attach to receptors on bacterial cells and receive some of the target cells' DNA; the phages release this DNA into the environment to be taken up by other bacterial cells. 
A)  Phages form a bridge between bacterial cells that allows DNA to pass from the host cell to the recipient cell. 
B)  Phages form a bridge between bacterial cells that allows DNA to pass in both directions between the two cells. 
C)  Phages lyse bacterial cells, releasing bacterial DNA into the environment, which is taken up by other phages for transfer to new cells. 
D)  When phages assemble in an infected bacterial cell, they may incorporate host DNA; released phages may attach to other cells and inject the bacterial DNA into those cells. 
E)  Phages attach to receptors on bacterial cells and receive some of the target cells' DNA; the phages release this DNA into the environment to be taken up by other bacterial cells.

Question 6

Which statement correctly describes horizontal gene transfer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all forms of horizontal gene transfer. 
B)  Conjugation and transformation are forms of horizontal gene transfer, but transduction is a form of vertical gene transfer. 
C)  Eukaryote-eukaryote transfers of nuclear genes are most common. 
D)  Prokaryote-eukaryote transfers of nuclear genes are most common. 
E)  Partial diploids never result from horizontal gene transfer. 
A)  Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all forms of horizontal gene transfer. 
B)  Conjugation and transformation are forms of horizontal gene transfer, but transduction is a form of vertical gene transfer. 
C)  Eukaryote-eukaryote transfers of nuclear genes are most common. 
D)  Prokaryote-eukaryote transfers of nuclear genes are most common. 
E)  Partial diploids never result from horizontal gene transfer.

Question 7

Match between columns
                        Premises: Lytic cycle
Reverse transcriptase
Latent stage
Transduction
Conjugation
Capsid
T-even bacteriophages
Bacteriophage lambda
Temperate phage
Retrovirus
Prophage
Virulent phage
Lysogenic cycle

Accepted Answer

The Answer of Type of virus that kills a host is...

Question 8

Figure 17.2
-
The accompanying figure above shows the distances between genes in minutes. Assume that the time listed between two genes corresponds to the transfer time of the first of the two genes in the pair. Use the figure to answer questions.
In order to transfer gene a to an F-cell, the sex pilus must be in place for at least ____ minutes.

Accepted Answer

A)  0 
B)  6 
C)  10 
D)  14 
E)  25 
A)  0 
B)  6 
C)  10 
D)  14 
E)  25

Question 9

During bacterial conjugation, bacteria use a long tubular structure called a(n) ____ to contact each other.

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic pilus 
B)  asexual pilus 
C)  flagellum 
D)  cilia 
E)  sex pilus 
A)  metabolic pilus 
B)  asexual pilus 
C)  flagellum 
D)  cilia 
E)  sex pilus

Question 10

Figure 17.1
Use the accompanying figure .
If strains 1 and 2 conjugate and are plated on minimal medium, cells growing on the minimal medium will have the genotype ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  bio- met- thr- leu+ 
B)  bio+ met+ thr+ leu+ 
C)  bio+ met- thr- leu+ 
D)  bio+ met+ thr- leu+ 
E)  bio- met- thr- leu- 
A)  bio- met- thr- leu+ 
B)  bio+ met+ thr+ leu+ 
C)  bio+ met- thr- leu+ 
D)  bio+ met+ thr- leu+ 
E)  bio- met- thr- leu-

Question 11

Hfr cells are bacterial cells that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  perform meiosis 
B)  have the F factor integrated into their chromosome 
C)  maintain the F factor in a plasmid 
D)  have a low frequency of recombination 
E)  have received DNA from a bacteriophage 
A)  perform meiosis 
B)  have the F factor integrated into their chromosome 
C)  maintain the F factor in a plasmid 
D)  have a low frequency of recombination 
E)  have received DNA from a bacteriophage

Question 12

The results of Lederberg and Tatum's experiments with E. coli auxotrophs indicated that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria can be transformed when free DNA is available in their environment 
B)  bacteria are able to exchange genetic material with eukaryotic organisms 
C)  bacteria reproduce by sexual rather than asexual reproduction 
D)  genetic recombination can occur in bacteria 
E)  genetic recombination does not occur in bacteria since they do not undergo meiosis 
A)  bacteria can be transformed when free DNA is available in their environment 
B)  bacteria are able to exchange genetic material with eukaryotic organisms 
C)  bacteria reproduce by sexual rather than asexual reproduction 
D)  genetic recombination can occur in bacteria 
E)  genetic recombination does not occur in bacteria since they do not undergo meiosis

Question 13

The series of events from infection of a cell through the release of progeny phages from a lysed cell is called the ____ cycle.

Accepted Answer

A)  lytic 
B)  lysogenic 
C)  Krebs 
D)  citric acid 
E)  lytic or lysogenic 
A)  lytic 
B)  lysogenic 
C)  Krebs 
D)  citric acid 
E)  lytic or lysogenic

Question 14

Prions ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  are more complex than viruses 
B)  have large DNA genomes 
C)  cause neurodegenerative disorders in mammals 
D)  infect plant cells 
E)  encode their own polymerases for nucleic acid replication 
A)  are more complex than viruses 
B)  have large DNA genomes 
C)  cause neurodegenerative disorders in mammals 
D)  infect plant cells 
E)  encode their own polymerases for nucleic acid replication

Question 15

Bacteria that undergo natural transformation ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  are very common 
B)  are strains of E. coli 
C)  are subjected to electroporation to induce DNA uptake 
D)  generally have a DNA-binding protein on the exterior of their cell wall 
E)  integrate foreign DNA into their chromosome through conjugation 
A)  are very common 
B)  are strains of E. coli 
C)  are subjected to electroporation to induce DNA uptake 
D)  generally have a DNA-binding protein on the exterior of their cell wall 
E)  integrate foreign DNA into their chromosome through conjugation

Question 16

T-even bacteriophages ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  infect E. coli 
B)  are nonvirulent 
C)  consist of a head with no tail 
D)  contain two molecules of double-stranded DNA in their head 
E)  are temperate bacteriophages that do not have a lytic cycle 
A)  infect E. coli 
B)  are nonvirulent 
C)  consist of a head with no tail 
D)  contain two molecules of double-stranded DNA in their head 
E)  are temperate bacteriophages that do not have a lytic cycle

Question 17

The purpose of the sex pilus is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  connect bacterial cells so a cytoplasmic bridge can form for conjugation 
B)  form a gap junction between bacterial cells for conjugation 
C)  block cytoplasmic exchange 
D)  enable bacteriophage infection 
E)  lyse the cell 
A)  connect bacterial cells so a cytoplasmic bridge can form for conjugation 
B)  form a gap junction between bacterial cells for conjugation 
C)  block cytoplasmic exchange 
D)  enable bacteriophage infection 
E)  lyse the cell

Question 18

How do the constituents of liquid medium differ from solid, gel-like medium?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liquid medium contains agar, a polysaccharide extracted from algae. 
B)  Solid medium contains agar, a polysaccharide extracted from algae. 
C)  Solid medium contains agar, a complex lipid extracted from bacterial membranes. 
D)  Liquid medium contains more salts, which lower the freezing point. 
E)  Solid medium contains more fatty acids, which raise the melting point. 
A)  Liquid medium contains agar, a polysaccharide extracted from algae. 
B)  Solid medium contains agar, a polysaccharide extracted from algae. 
C)  Solid medium contains agar, a complex lipid extracted from bacterial membranes. 
D)  Liquid medium contains more salts, which lower the freezing point. 
E)  Solid medium contains more fatty acids, which raise the melting point.

Question 19

Conjugation, transduction, and transformation are the three main mechanisms for gene transfer between bacteria. Compare these three mechanisms in terms of how DNA is transferred.

Accepted Answer

Conjugation involves the transfer of DNA

Question 20

A colony of mice is treated with a nonvirulent strain of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae . Before treatment, a researcher exposed this nonvirulent strain to heat-killed cells of a virulent strain. What will be the effect on the mouse population?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mice will all remain healthy. 
B)  Some mice will develop a paralytic condition, but most will remain healthy. 
C)  Most or all of the mice will develop pneumonia. 
D)  Some mice will develop pneumonia, but most will remain healthy. 
E)  The mice will become immune to the bacteria. 
A)  The mice will all remain healthy. 
B)  Some mice will develop a paralytic condition, but most will remain healthy. 
C)  Most or all of the mice will develop pneumonia. 
D)  Some mice will develop pneumonia, but most will remain healthy. 
E)  The mice will become immune to the bacteria.

Exam 17: Bacterial and Viral Genetics

The core of a virus is a ____ molecule.

How does a phage transfer DNA from one bacterium to another?

Which statement correctly describes horizontal gene transfer?

During bacterial conjugation, bacteria use a long tubular structure called a(n) ____ to contact each other.

Figure 17.1 Use the accompanying figure . If strains 1 and 2 conjugate and are plated on minimal medium, cells growing on the minimal medium will have the genotype ____.

Hfr cells are bacterial cells that ____.

The results of Lederberg and Tatum's experiments with E. coli auxotrophs indicated that ____.

The series of events from infection of a cell through the release of progeny phages from a lysed cell is called the ____ cycle.

Prions ____.

Bacteria that undergo natural transformation ____.

T-even bacteriophages ____.

The purpose of the sex pilus is to ____.

How do the constituents of liquid medium differ from solid, gel-like medium?

Conjugation, transduction, and transformation are the three main mechanisms for gene transfer between bacteria. Compare these three mechanisms in terms of how DNA is transferred.

A colony of mice is treated with a nonvirulent strain of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae . Before treatment, a researcher exposed this nonvirulent strain to heat-killed cells of a virulent strain. What will be the effect on the mouse population?

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Expression: From Dna to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Dna Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

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