Question 1

First line of defense may be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. 
B)  intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth. 
C)  damage resulting in cell lysis. 
D)  the coating of a pathogen by complement. 
E)  nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. 
A)  the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. 
B)  intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth. 
C)  damage resulting in cell lysis. 
D)  the coating of a pathogen by complement. 
E)  nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. B

Question 2

What is phagocytosis? What does it involve?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis is a process by which a cell can engulf substances and internalize them into the cytoplasm.Cells that are capable of phagocytosis are collectively known as phagocytes and include neutrophils,eosinophils,dendritic cells,and macrophages.Phagocytosis is part of the body's second line of defense,and it is nonspecific.It includes the following steps:
Chemotaxis: a cell moves either toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
Adherence: the phagocyte attaches to the pathogen,through binding of complementary chemicals on the membranes of the pathogen.
Ingestion: after the pseudopodia adhere to the pathogen,the encompassed microbe is internalized as the pseudopodia fuse to form a sac called a phagosome.
Digestion: lysosomes with over 30 digestive enzymes attach to the phagosome and break down the microbe.At the end of this process,the remains of the phagosome are known as the residual body.
Elimination: the phagocyte rids itself of undigested material by exocytosis,which is the opposite of ingestion.

Question 3

Some pathogens produce toxins which function as (histamines/prostaglandins/pyrogens)to cause fever.

Accepted Answer

pyrogens

Question 4

Which of the following substances contributes to the edema associated with inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  leukotrienes 
B)  histamine 
C)  interferon 
D)  defensin 
E)  both leukotrienes and histamine 
A)  leukotrienes 
B)  histamine 
C)  interferon 
D)  defensin 
E)  both leukotrienes and histamine

Question 5

Microbial molecules detected by phagocytes are called

Accepted Answer

A)  TLRs. 
B)  NODs. 
C)  PAMPs. 
D)  leukotrienes. 
E)  prostaglandins. 
A)  TLRs. 
B)  NODs. 
C)  PAMPs. 
D)  leukotrienes. 
E)  prostaglandins.

Question 6

Proteins on the surface of phagocytes called ________ aid in the detection of pathogen molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  lectins 
B)  TLRs 
C)  NOD proteins 
D)  lectins and C3 protein 
E)  both TLRs and NOD proteins 
A)  lectins 
B)  TLRs 
C)  NOD proteins 
D)  lectins and C3 protein 
E)  both TLRs and NOD proteins

Question 7

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

Accepted Answer

A)  tears contain lysozyme and salt. 
B)  a mucus layer traps and removes microbes. 
C)  tears mechanically flush particles from the eyes. 
D)  tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes. 
E)  tears and mucus combine to trap microbes and remove them. 
A)  tears contain lysozyme and salt. 
B)  a mucus layer traps and removes microbes. 
C)  tears mechanically flush particles from the eyes. 
D)  tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes. 
E)  tears and mucus combine to trap microbes and remove them.

Question 8

Interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells,leukocytes,and pathogens?

Accepted Answer

A)  a boil 
B)  an abscess 
C)  a pimple 
D)  a pustule 
E)  a tumor 
A)  a boil 
B)  an abscess 
C)  a pimple 
D)  a pustule 
E)  a tumor

Question 11

Which of the following cells increase in number during an infection with parasitic worms?

Accepted Answer

A)  basophils 
B)  macrophages 
C)  neutrophils 
D)  eosinophils 
E)  lymphocytes 
A)  basophils 
B)  macrophages 
C)  neutrophils 
D)  eosinophils 
E)  lymphocytes

Question 12

TLRs are

Accepted Answer

A)  phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs. 
B)  the coatings of pathogens by complement. 
C)  molecules that damage cells, resulting in cell lysis. 
D)  present in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc. 
E)  nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells. 
A)  phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs. 
B)  the coatings of pathogens by complement. 
C)  molecules that damage cells, resulting in cell lysis. 
D)  present in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc. 
E)  nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

Question 13

Which of the following are phagocytic cells descended from monocytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  alveolar macrophages 
B)  dendritic cells 
C)  microglial cells 
D)  alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells 
E)  alveolar macrophages and microglial cells 
A)  alveolar macrophages 
B)  dendritic cells 
C)  microglial cells 
D)  alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells 
E)  alveolar macrophages and microglial cells

Question 14

The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as (natural/innate/species)resistance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The absence of necessary receptors is the...

Question 15

A type of lymphocyte called a(n)________ detects cells with abnormal surface proteins and kills them.

Accepted Answer

A)  eosinophil 
B)  NK cell 
C)  neutrophil 
D)  basophil 
E)  mast cell 
A)  eosinophil 
B)  NK cell 
C)  neutrophil 
D)  basophil 
E)  mast cell

Question 16

Alpha and beta interferons

Accepted Answer

A)  help protect virus-infected cells from the effects of the pathogen. 
B)  protect the cells that secrete them from being invaded by a virus. 
C)  are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages. 
D)  produce active antiviral proteins (AVPs) that coat the surface of healthy cells and prevent the attachment of pathogenic viruses. 
E)  produce no adverse effects in the body. 
A)  help protect virus-infected cells from the effects of the pathogen. 
B)  protect the cells that secrete them from being invaded by a virus. 
C)  are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages. 
D)  produce active antiviral proteins (AVPs) that coat the surface of healthy cells and prevent the attachment of pathogenic viruses. 
E)  produce no adverse effects in the body.

Question 17

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  the lack of suitable environment in the body. 
B)  the absence of receptors required for microbial attachment. 
C)  the presence of phagocytes in the tissues. 
D)  the salty, acidic condition of normal skin. 
E)  both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body. 
A)  the lack of suitable environment in the body. 
B)  the absence of receptors required for microbial attachment. 
C)  the presence of phagocytes in the tissues. 
D)  the salty, acidic condition of normal skin. 
E)  both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.

Question 18

Which of the following are macrophage functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  phagocytosis of pathogens and debris 
B)  release of alpha interferon 
C)  production of NETs 
D)  phagocytosis of pathogens and production of NETs 
E)  phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes 
A)  phagocytosis of pathogens and debris 
B)  release of alpha interferon 
C)  production of NETs 
D)  phagocytosis of pathogens and production of NETs 
E)  phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leukotrienes

Question 19

Examine the WBC count and differential data in Table.What type of disease is indicated by this set of data?

Accepted Answer

The overall elevation of WBC i

Question 20

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  the squeezing of cells through the lining of capillaries. 
B)  the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. 
C)  the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus. 
D)  the coating of a pathogen by complement. 
E)  an increase in allergies and helminth infection. 
A)  the squeezing of cells through the lining of capillaries. 
B)  the release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes. 
C)  the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus. 
D)  the coating of a pathogen by complement. 
E)  an increase in allergies and helminth infection.

Exam 15: Innate Immunity

First line of defense may be described as

What is phagocytosis? What does it involve?

Some pathogens produce toxins which function as (histamines/prostaglandins/pyrogens)to cause fever.

Which of the following substances contributes to the edema associated with inflammation?

Microbial molecules detected by phagocytes are called

Proteins on the surface of phagocytes called ________ aid in the detection of pathogen molecules.

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

Interferons alpha and beta are effective against viruses.

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells,leukocytes,and pathogens?

Which of the following cells increase in number during an infection with parasitic worms?

TLRs are

Which of the following are phagocytic cells descended from monocytes?

The absence of necessary receptors is the basis of the defense against microbial invasion known as (natural/innate/species)resistance.

A type of lymphocyte called a(n)________ detects cells with abnormal surface proteins and kills them.

Alpha and beta interferons

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

Which of the following are macrophage functions?

Examine the WBC count and differential data in Table.What type of disease is indicated by this set of data?

The phenomenon known as chemotaxis is defined as

A Brief History of Microbiology

The Chemistry of Microbiology

Cell Structure and Function

Microscopy, Staining, and Classification

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Microbial Genetics

Recombinant DNA Technology

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes

Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes

Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology

Adaptive Immunity

Immunization and Immune Testing

Immune Disorders

Pathogenic Gram Positive Bacteria

Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli

Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios

Pathogenic Fungi

Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors

Pathogenic DNA Viruses

Pathogenic RNA Viruses

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

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