Question 1

Which of the following would be found in a stable patient with long-standing obstructive lung disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low bicarbonate level and low carbon dioxide level 
B)  Low bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level 
C)  High bicarbonate level and low carbon dioxide level 
D)  High bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level 
A)  Low bicarbonate level and low carbon dioxide level 
B)  Low bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level 
C)  High bicarbonate level and low carbon dioxide level 
D)  High bicarbonate level and high carbon dioxide level D

Question 2

Which of the following would be a normal person's venous oxygen pressure (PaO2)?

Accepted Answer

A)  35 to 45 mm Hg 
B)  45 to 80 mm Hg 
C)  80 to 100 mm Hg 
D)  100 to 120 mm Hg 
A)  35 to 45 mm Hg 
B)  45 to 80 mm Hg 
C)  80 to 100 mm Hg 
D)  100 to 120 mm Hg A

Question 3

Mechanical ventilation is indicated for which of the following ABG results?

Accepted Answer

A)  pH 7.56; PaCO2 27; HCO3 23; PaO2 63 
B)  pH 7.21; PaCO2 68; HCO3 26; PaO2 51 
C)  pH 7.36; PaCO2 79; HCO3 43; PaO2 63 
D)  pH 7.52; PaCO2 51; HCO3 40; PaO2 46 
A)  pH 7.56; PaCO2 27; HCO3 23; PaO2 63 
B)  pH 7.21; PaCO2 68; HCO3 26; PaO2 51 
C)  pH 7.36; PaCO2 79; HCO3 43; PaO2 63 
D)  pH 7.52; PaCO2 51; HCO3 40; PaO2 46 B

Question 4

The respiratory therapist is assessing a patient with end-stage COPD who was admitted to the medical ward for an exacerbation of COPD due to increasing sputum purulence. The therapist notes the following ABG results in the patient's electronic medical record: pH 7.52, PaCO2 51; HCO3 40; PaO2 46. Which of the following is the best interpretation of these ABG results?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chronic ventilatory failure with hypoxemia 
B)  Acute ventilatory failure with hypoxemia 
C)  Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis with hypoxemia 
D)  Acute alveolar hyperventilation superimposed on chronic ventilatory failure 
A)  Chronic ventilatory failure with hypoxemia 
B)  Acute ventilatory failure with hypoxemia 
C)  Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis with hypoxemia 
D)  Acute alveolar hyperventilation superimposed on chronic ventilatory failure

Question 5

A patient has had chronic ventilatory failure for several years. What is the primary factor that determines her breathing pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  Muscle efficiency 
B)  Ventilatory efficiency 
C)  Heart function 
D)  Work efficiency 
A)  Muscle efficiency 
B)  Ventilatory efficiency 
C)  Heart function 
D)  Work efficiency

Question 6

Common causes of metabolic alkalosis include:
1) renal failure.
2) vomiting.
3) excessive sodium bicarbonate administration.
4) gastric suctioning.

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 3 
B) 2, 4 
C) 2, 3, 4 
D) 1, 2, 3 
A) 1, 3 
B) 2, 4 
C) 2, 3, 4 
D) 1, 2, 3

Question 7

A respiratory therapist is questioning the accuracy of the ABG results obtained on a patient in the ICU. The results show a pH and PaO2 that seem unreasonably high, while the PaCO2 seems unreasonably low. Which of the following would most likely cause these erroneous results?

Accepted Answer

A)  A venous sample was obtained. 
B)  There was excessive heparin in the blood gas syringe. 
C)  The sample was excessively delayed in analysis. 
D)  There was an air bubble in the sample. 
A)  A venous sample was obtained. 
B)  There was excessive heparin in the blood gas syringe. 
C)  The sample was excessively delayed in analysis. 
D)  There was an air bubble in the sample.

Question 8

What causes stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors to increase the ventilatory rate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pain or anxiety 
B)  PaCO2 of about 40 mm Hg 
C)  PaO2 of about 60 mm Hg or less 
D)  Venous pH of 7.30 to 7.40 
A)  Pain or anxiety 
B)  PaCO2 of about 40 mm Hg 
C)  PaO2 of about 60 mm Hg or less 
D)  Venous pH of 7.30 to 7.40

Question 9

Which of the following will likely be seen in the arterial blood gas values of a patient with acute ventilatory failure?
1) Acidic pH
2) Near-normal bicarbonate level
3) Alkaline pH
4) High carbon dioxide level

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 4 
B) 2, 3 
C) 2, 3, 4 
D) 1, 2, 4 
A) 1, 4 
B) 2, 3 
C) 2, 3, 4 
D) 1, 2, 4

Question 10

Common causes of metabolic acidosis include:
1) diabetic ketoacidosis.
2) shallow breathing from a sedative overdose.
3) lactic acidosis.
4) renal failure.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2, 3 
C) 2, 3, 4 
D) 1, 3, 4 
A) 1 
B) 2, 3 
C) 2, 3, 4 
D) 1, 3, 4

Question 11

Calculate the anion gap using the following data:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
K+ 4.1 mEq/L
Cl-: 105 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A)  31 mEq/L. 
B)  21 mEq/L. 
C)  11 mEq/L. 
D)  More information is needed to calculate. 
A)  31 mEq/L. 
B)  21 mEq/L. 
C)  11 mEq/L. 
D)  More information is needed to calculate.

Question 12

Which of the following would be a normal person's arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2)?

Accepted Answer

A)  25 to 35 mm Hg 
B)  35 to 45 mm Hg 
C)  45 to 60 mm Hg 
D)  60 to 80 mm Hg 
A)  25 to 35 mm Hg 
B)  35 to 45 mm Hg 
C)  45 to 60 mm Hg 
D)  60 to 80 mm Hg

Question 13

The most common cause of acute alveolar hyperventilation is:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypoxemia. 
B)  metabolic alkalosis. 
C)  tachycardia. 
D)  supplemental oxygen administration. 
A)  hypoxemia. 
B)  metabolic alkalosis. 
C)  tachycardia. 
D)  supplemental oxygen administration.

Question 14

An anion gap of 17 would indicate:

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic acidosis. 
B)  respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  respiratory acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis. 
A)  metabolic acidosis. 
B)  respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  respiratory acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis.

Exam 5: Blood Gas Assessment

Which of the following would be found in a stable patient with long-standing obstructive lung disease?

Which of the following would be a normal person's venous oxygen pressure (PaO2)?

Mechanical ventilation is indicated for which of the following ABG results?

A patient has had chronic ventilatory failure for several years. What is the primary factor that determines her breathing pattern?

Common causes of metabolic alkalosis include: 1) renal failure. 2) vomiting. 3) excessive sodium bicarbonate administration. 4) gastric suctioning.

A respiratory therapist is questioning the accuracy of the ABG results obtained on a patient in the ICU. The results show a pH and PaO2 that seem unreasonably high, while the PaCO2 seems unreasonably low. Which of the following would most likely cause these erroneous results?

What causes stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors to increase the ventilatory rate?

Which of the following will likely be seen in the arterial blood gas values of a patient with acute ventilatory failure? 1) Acidic pH 2) Near-normal bicarbonate level 3) Alkaline pH 4) High carbon dioxide level

Common causes of metabolic acidosis include: 1) diabetic ketoacidosis. 2) shallow breathing from a sedative overdose. 3) lactic acidosis. 4) renal failure.

Calculate the anion gap using the following data: Na+: 140 mEq/L K+ 4.1 mEq/L Cl-: 105 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L

Which of the following would be a normal person's arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2)?

The most common cause of acute alveolar hyperventilation is:

An anion gap of 17 would indicate:

The Patient Interview

The Physical Examination

The Pathophysiologic Basis for Common Clinical Manifestations

Pulmonary Function Testing

Assessment of Oxygenation

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System

Radiologic Examination of the Chest

Other Important Tests and Procedures

The Therapist-Driven Protocol Program

Respiratory Insufficiency, Respiratory Failure and Ventilatory Management Protocols

Recording Skills and Intra-Professional Communication

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

Asthma

Cystic Fibrosis

Bronchiectasis

Atelectasis

Pneumonia, Lung Abscess Formation, and Important Fungal Diseases

Tuberculosis

Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary Hypertension

Flail Chest

Pneumothorax

Pleural Effusion and Empyema

Kyphoscoliosis

Cancer of the Lung, Prevention and Palliation

Interstitial Lung Diseases

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Myasthenia Gravis

Cardiopulmonary Assessment and Care of Patients With Neuromuscular Disease

Sleep Apnea

Newborn Assessment and Management

Pediatric Assessment, Protocols, and Pals Management

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Pulmonary Air Leak Syndrome

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Bronchiolitis

Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Heart Disease

Croup and Croup-Like Syndromes: Laryngotracheobronchitis, Bacterial Tracheitis, and Acute Epiglottitis

Near Drowningwet Drowning

Smoke Inhalation, Thermal Injuries, and Carbon Monoxide Intoxication

Filters

Which of the following would be a normal person's venous oxygen pressure (PaO₂)?

A respiratory therapist is questioning the accuracy of the ABG results obtained on a patient in the ICU. The results show a pH and PaO₂ that seem unreasonably high, while the PaCO₂ seems unreasonably low. Which of the following would most likely cause these erroneous results?

Calculate the anion gap using the following data: Na⁺: 140 mEq/L K⁺ 4.1 mEq/L Cl^-: 105 mEq/L HCO₃^-: 24 mEq/L

Which of the following would be a normal person's arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO₂)?