Question 1

Inspiratory muscles include

Accepted Answer

A)  Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles 
B)  Diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles 
C)  Diaphragm and abdom inal muscles 
D)  Abdominal muscles and external intercostal muscles 
E)  Abdominal muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscles 
A)  Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles 
B)  Diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles 
C)  Diaphragm and abdom inal muscles 
D)  Abdominal muscles and external intercostal muscles 
E)  Abdominal muscles and sternocleidomastoid muscles A

Question 2

The movement of the “mucus escalator” is provided by

Accepted Answer

A)  Flagella in the trachea 
B)  Ciliated cells lining the airways 
C)  Sm ooth m uscle contractions of the airways 
D)  Secretory movement of the mucus 
E)  Movement of mucus by waves of air pressure 
A)  Flagella in the trachea 
B)  Ciliated cells lining the airways 
C)  Sm ooth m uscle contractions of the airways 
D)  Secretory movement of the mucus 
E)  Movement of mucus by waves of air pressure B

Question 3

Surface tension has the units of

Accepted Answer

A)  N m-2 
B)  Pa s 
C)  N m-1 
D)  N m-3 
E)  m Pa-1 
A)  N m-2 
B)  Pa s 
C)  N m-1 
D)  N m-3 
E)  m Pa-1 C

Question 4

The intrapleural pressure is always less than the alveolar pressure because

Accepted Answer

A)  Airway resistance slows down air movem ent into and out of the lungs 
B)  The chest wall always tends to expand at all lung volumes 
C)  The lungs tend to pull away from the chest wall at all lung volumes 
D)  The respiratory muscles tug on the chest at all times 
E)  Otherwise we wouldn’t have these cool sucking gun shot wounds in the movies where only the bad guys die instantly and the heros get to say goodbye 
A)  Airway resistance slows down air movem ent into and out of the lungs 
B)  The chest wall always tends to expand at all lung volumes 
C)  The lungs tend to pull away from the chest wall at all lung volumes 
D)  The respiratory muscles tug on the chest at all times 
E)  Otherwise we wouldn’t have these cool sucking gun shot wounds in the movies where only the bad guys die instantly and the heros get to say goodbye

Question 5

The major muscle used during quiet resting expiration is the

Accepted Answer

A)  Diaphragm 
B)  Internal intercostals 
C)  External intercostals 
D)  Abdominals 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Diaphragm 
B)  Internal intercostals 
C)  External intercostals 
D)  Abdominals 
E)  None of the above

Question 6

Compliance is defined as (Q is airflow)

Accepted Answer

A)  $\Delta$P / $\Delta$V 
B)  $\Delta$P / Q 
C)  dG / dA 
D)  $\Delta$V / $\Delta$P 
E)  $\Delta$V / Q 
A)  $\Delta$P / $\Delta$V 
B)  $\Delta$P / Q 
C)  dG / dA 
D)  $\Delta$V / $\Delta$P 
E)  $\Delta$V / Q

Question 7

Most of the work of breathing is overcoming

Accepted Answer

A)  Surface tension in the lungs 
B)  Recoil from elastic fibers in the lungs 
C)  Airway resistance in the lungs 
D)  Internal resistance from muscles 
E)  None of these pathetic distractors 
A)  Surface tension in the lungs 
B)  Recoil from elastic fibers in the lungs 
C)  Airway resistance in the lungs 
D)  Internal resistance from muscles 
E)  None of these pathetic distractors

Question 8

Expansion of the lungs requires a positive pressure Plung = PA - Ppl

Accepted Answer

A) Over its entire range of volumes B) Only for volumes > FRC C) Only for volumes < FRC D) Only for volumes greater than the volume at normal end inspiration E) Only for volumes less than the volume at normal end inspiration A) Over its entire range of volumes B) Only for volumes > FRC C) Only for volumes < FRC D) Only for volumes greater than the volume at normal end inspiration E) Only for volumes less than the volume at normal end inspiration

Question 9

The major muscle used during quiet resting inspiration is the

Accepted Answer

A)  Diaphragm 
B)  Internal intercostals 
C)  External intercostals 
D)  Sternocleidom astoid 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Diaphragm 
B)  Internal intercostals 
C)  External intercostals 
D)  Sternocleidom astoid 
E)  None of the above

Question 10

The pneumothorax is

Accepted Answer

A)  A direct pathway between the intrapleural space and the ambient air 
B)  Negative pressure in the intrapleural space 
C)  Positive pressure within the alveoli 
D)  Negative pressure within the alveoli 
E)  Negative pressure in the intrapleural space. 
A)  A direct pathway between the intrapleural space and the ambient air 
B)  Negative pressure in the intrapleural space 
C)  Positive pressure within the alveoli 
D)  Negative pressure within the alveoli 
E)  Negative pressure in the intrapleural space.

Question 11

The Law of LaPlace predicts that alveoli at constant wall tension are unstable because

Accepted Answer

A)  Small alveoli will have greater pressures than larger alveoli 
B)  Sm all alveoli will have sm aller pressures than larger alveoli 
C)  It predicts pressures greater than atmospheric during inspiration 
D)  It predicts pressures smaller than atmospheric during expiration 
E)  The Law of LaPlace is not applicable here because it applies only to cylinders 
A)  Small alveoli will have greater pressures than larger alveoli 
B)  Sm all alveoli will have sm aller pressures than larger alveoli 
C)  It predicts pressures greater than atmospheric during inspiration 
D)  It predicts pressures smaller than atmospheric during expiration 
E)  The Law of LaPlace is not applicable here because it applies only to cylinders

Question 12

Compliance of the lungs is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  Elastic fibers in the lungs 
B)  Muscle tension on the chest wall 
C)  Surface tension of the alveoli 
D)  Stiff airways 
E)  Both A and C are correct 
A)  Elastic fibers in the lungs 
B)  Muscle tension on the chest wall 
C)  Surface tension of the alveoli 
D)  Stiff airways 
E)  Both A and C are correct

Question 13

The Law of LaPlace for a thin-walled sphere is

Accepted Answer

A)  $Y$ = dG /dA 
B)  P = 2T / r 
C)  P = T / r 
D)  T = $Y$ 
E)  P = 2T r 
A)  $Y$ = dG /dA 
B)  P = 2T / r 
C)  P = T / r 
D)  T = $Y$ 
E)  P = 2T r

Question 14

In the relaxation volume-pressure curves, the respiratory muscles are relaxed and the requirement for muscular involvement is shown by a positive pressure. In these curves, expansion of the chest wall alone requires a positive pressure Pchest wall = Ppl - PB (Ppl is the intrapleural pressure and PB is the b arom etric o r am bien t air pre ssu re ou tside o f the b ody).

Accepted Answer

A) Over the entire range of chest and lung volumes B) Only for volumes > FRC C) Only for volumes < FRC D) Only for large volumes greater than the volume at normal end inspiration E) Only for small volumes less than the volume at normal end inspiration A) Over the entire range of chest and lung volumes B) Only for volumes > FRC C) Only for volumes < FRC D) Only for large volumes greater than the volume at normal end inspiration E) Only for small volumes less than the volume at normal end inspiration

Question 15

During quiet inspiration

Accepted Answer

A)  The lung expands from elastic forces 
B)  The intrapleural pressure is positive 
C)  Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure 
D)  The lung volume is less than the FRC 
E)  Surfactant is concentrated more 
A)  The lung expands from elastic forces 
B)  The intrapleural pressure is positive 
C)  Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure 
D)  The lung volume is less than the FRC 
E)  Surfactant is concentrated more

Question 16

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration

Accepted Answer

A)  Because the pressure in the lungs is less than the pressure in the am bient air 
B)  Because humidification of the air in the lung dilutes the air molecules 
C)  Because oxygen depletion of alveolar air has lowered the pressure in the lungs 
D)  Because air molecules diffuse down their concentration gradients 
E)  Due to contraction of smooth muscle in the trachea 
A)  Because the pressure in the lungs is less than the pressure in the am bient air 
B)  Because humidification of the air in the lung dilutes the air molecules 
C)  Because oxygen depletion of alveolar air has lowered the pressure in the lungs 
D)  Because air molecules diffuse down their concentration gradients 
E)  Due to contraction of smooth muscle in the trachea

Question 17

The pleural fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  Is the same as the ISF of the lungs 
B)  Lies between the parietal pleura and the pulmonary pleura 
C)  Has a pressure which is always more positive than alveolar air 
D)  Allows the lungs to slide w hile adhering the lung to the chest wall 
E)  Lines the airways 
A)  Is the same as the ISF of the lungs 
B)  Lies between the parietal pleura and the pulmonary pleura 
C)  Has a pressure which is always more positive than alveolar air 
D)  Allows the lungs to slide w hile adhering the lung to the chest wall 
E)  Lines the airways

Question 18

The main function of the lungs is to

Accepted Answer

A)  Supply O2 to the blood 
B)  Provide inspiration 
C)  Remove CO2 from the blood 
D)  Remove CH4, H2 and other gasses from the blood 
E)  Both A and C are correct 
A)  Supply O2 to the blood 
B)  Provide inspiration 
C)  Remove CO2 from the blood 
D)  Remove CH4, H2 and other gasses from the blood 
E)  Both A and C are correct

Exam 45: Mechanics of Breathing

Inspiratory muscles include

The movement of the “mucus escalator” is provided by

Surface tension has the units of

The intrapleural pressure is always less than the alveolar pressure because

The major muscle used during quiet resting expiration is the

Compliance is defined as (Q is airflow)

Most of the work of breathing is overcoming

Expansion of the lungs requires a positive pressure Plung = PA - Ppl

The major muscle used during quiet resting inspiration is the

The pneumothorax is

The Law of LaPlace predicts that alveoli at constant wall tension are unstable because

Compliance of the lungs is due to

The Law of LaPlace for a thin-walled sphere is

During quiet inspiration

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration

The pleural fluid

The main function of the lungs is to

Physical Foundations Ii: Electrical Force Potential Capacitance and Current

Chemical Foundations I: Chemical Energy and Intermolecular Forces

Chemical Foundations Ii: Concentration and Kinetics

Diffusion

Electrochemical Potential and Free Energy

Cell Structure

Dna and Protein Synthesis

Protein Structure

Biological Membranes

Passive Transport and Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport: Pumps and Exchangers

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

Cell Signaling

ATP Production I: Glycolysis

Atp Production Ii: Tca Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Atp Production Iii: Fatty Acid Oxidation and Amino Acid Oxidation

Origin of the Membrane Potential

The Action Potential

Propagation of the Action Potential

Skeletal Muscle Mechanics

Contractile Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle

Neuromuscular Junction and Ec Coupling

Muscle Energetics Fatigue and Training

Smooth Muscle

Organization of the Nervous System

Cells Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Cutaneous Sensory Systems

Spinal Reflexes

Balance and Control of Movement

the Chemical Senses

Hearing

Vision

Autonomic Nervous System

Overview of the Cv System and Blood

Plasma and Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells and Inflammation

The Heart As a Pump

Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility

the Cardiac Function Curve

Vascular Function: Hemodynamics

Microcirculation and Solute Exchange

Regulation of Perfusion

Integration of Cardiac Output and Venous Return

Regulation of Arterial Pressure

Lung Volumes and Airway Resistance

Gas Exchange in the Lung

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Acid Base Physiology I Bicarbonate Buffers and Respiratory Compensation

Control of Ventilation

Anatomy and Renal Overview

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Concentration and Dilution of Urine

Mouth and Esophagus

The Stomach

Intestinal and Colonic Motility

Pancreatic and Biliary Secretion

Digestion and Absorption of the Macronutrients

Energy Balance and Regulation of Food Intake

General Principles of Endocrinology

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Thyroid Gland

Expansion of the lungs requires a positive pressure P_lung = P_A - P_pl