Question 1

Explain how dehydration is detected and how this detection leads to activation of the thirst center.

Accepted Answer

1. Dehydration decreases the production

Question 2

The major physiological effect of acidosis is

Accepted Answer

A) excitation of the central nervous system. 
B) depression of the central nervous system. 
C) excitation of cardiovascular center. 
D) overexcitabilty of peripheral nerves. 
E) inhibition of autonomic effectors. 
A) excitation of the central nervous system. 
B) depression of the central nervous system. 
C) excitation of cardiovascular center. 
D) overexcitabilty of peripheral nerves. 
E) inhibition of autonomic effectors.

Question 3

The osmotic pressure of a solution is determined by

Accepted Answer

A) the number of particles dissolved in that solution. 
B) the size of particles dissolved in that solution. 
C) the weight of particles dissolved in that solution. 
D) all of the choices are correct. 
E) none of the choices is correct. 
A) the number of particles dissolved in that solution. 
B) the size of particles dissolved in that solution. 
C) the weight of particles dissolved in that solution. 
D) all of the choices are correct. 
E) none of the choices is correct.

Question 4

Synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in

Accepted Answer

A) the inner ear 
B) the middle ear 
C) joints 
D) serous membranes 
E) both the inner ear and the middle ear 
A) the inner ear 
B) the middle ear 
C) joints 
D) serous membranes 
E) both the inner ear and the middle ear

Question 5

Taking diuretics usually has no effect on fluid or electrolyte balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Assuming that one liter of body fluid weighs one kilogram, how many liters of water would you find in a normal 70 kg adult male?

Accepted Answer

A) 42 liters 
B) 45 liters 
C) 60 liters 
D) 28 liters 
E) 14 liters 
A) 42 liters 
B) 45 liters 
C) 60 liters 
D) 28 liters 
E) 14 liters

Question 7

Which of the following solutes would have the unique body fluid distribution pattern that is labeled I in the graph?

Accepted Answer

A) sodium 
B) potassium 
C) calcium 
D) phosphate 
E) protein anions 
A) sodium 
B) potassium 
C) calcium 
D) phosphate 
E) protein anions

Question 8

All of the following have been shown to lead to low bone density in later life EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) low calcium intake in diet. 
B) high sodium intake in diet. 
C) high protein intake in diet. 
D) high intake of grains in diet. 
E) high intake of fruits in diet. 
A) low calcium intake in diet. 
B) high sodium intake in diet. 
C) high protein intake in diet. 
D) high intake of grains in diet. 
E) high intake of fruits in diet.

Question 9

A lower than normal level of potassium in the blood is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) hyperkalemia 
B) hypokalemia 
C) hyponatremia 
D) hypernatremia 
E) hypochloremia 
A) hyperkalemia 
B) hypokalemia 
C) hyponatremia 
D) hypernatremia 
E) hypochloremia

Question 10

The thirst mechanism is an unreliable indicator of fluid needs, especially in children and older adults.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of Na+?

Accepted Answer

A) norepinephrine 
B) aldosterone 
C) antidiuretic hormone 
D) atrial natriuretic peptide 
E) angiotensin II 
A) norepinephrine 
B) aldosterone 
C) antidiuretic hormone 
D) atrial natriuretic peptide 
E) angiotensin II

Question 12

Changes in the breathing rate can be used to help maintain blood pH.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Sodium is a strong acid that can be neutralized by bicarbonate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Water is lost from the body through the

Accepted Answer

A) kidneys 
B) gastrointestinal tract 
C) lungs 
D) skin 
E) all of the choices are correct 
A) kidneys 
B) gastrointestinal tract 
C) lungs 
D) skin 
E) all of the choices are correct

Question 15

All of the following are characteristics of buffer systems EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) buffers act quickly to bind excess H+. 
B) buffers are found in all body fluids. 
C) buffers are composed of combinations of a weak acid and weak base. 
D) buffers are not present in excreted fluids like urine. 
E) buffers do not eliminate excess H+ from the body. 
A) buffers act quickly to bind excess H+. 
B) buffers are found in all body fluids. 
C) buffers are composed of combinations of a weak acid and weak base. 
D) buffers are not present in excreted fluids like urine. 
E) buffers do not eliminate excess H+ from the body.

Question 16

Using hypoventilation or hyperventilation to help balance pH is called respiratory compensation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Blood plasma is a component of

Accepted Answer

A) intracellular fluid 
B) extracellular fluid 
C) interstitial fluid 
D) both extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid 
E) none of the choices is correct 
A) intracellular fluid 
B) extracellular fluid 
C) interstitial fluid 
D) both extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid 
E) none of the choices is correct

Question 18

Osmotic pressure of body fluids plays an important role in maintaining both water and electrolyte balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the labeled sets of bars in the graph would best represent the concentration of sodium ions in the body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) E 
D) G 
E) I 
A) A 
B) B 
C) E 
D) G 
E) I

Question 20

Which of the following sections of the bar graphs shown in the diagram would increase the most in an obese individual?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Exam 22: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Explain how dehydration is detected and how this detection leads to activation of the thirst center.

The major physiological effect of acidosis is

The osmotic pressure of a solution is determined by

Synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in

Taking diuretics usually has no effect on fluid or electrolyte balance.

Assuming that one liter of body fluid weighs one kilogram, how many liters of water would you find in a normal 70 kg adult male?

Which of the following solutes would have the unique body fluid distribution pattern that is labeled I in the graph?

All of the following have been shown to lead to low bone density in later life EXCEPT

A lower than normal level of potassium in the blood is referred to as

The thirst mechanism is an unreliable indicator of fluid needs, especially in children and older adults.

Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of Na+?

Changes in the breathing rate can be used to help maintain blood pH.

Sodium is a strong acid that can be neutralized by bicarbonate.

Water is lost from the body through the

All of the following are characteristics of buffer systems EXCEPT

Using hypoventilation or hyperventilation to help balance pH is called respiratory compensation.

Blood plasma is a component of

Osmotic pressure of body fluids plays an important role in maintaining both water and electrolyte balance.

Which of the labeled sets of bars in the graph would best represent the concentration of sodium ions in the body fluids?

Which of the following sections of the bar graphs shown in the diagram would increase the most in an obese individual?

Organization of the Human Body

Introductory Chemistry

Cells

Tissues

The Integumentary System

The Skeletal System

Joints

The Muscular System

Nervous Tissue

Central Nervous System, Spinal Nerves, and Cranial Nerves

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Senses and Special Sense

The Endocrine System

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Cardiovascular System: Heart

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Nutrition and Metabolism

The Urinary System

The Reproductive Systems

Development and Inheritance

Filters

Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of Na⁺?