Question 1

Loss of a large volume of sweat will

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease the hematocrit. 
B)  decrease ADH production. 
C)  increase the blood pressure. 
D)  increase the osmolality of body fluids. 
E)  decrease the osmolality of body fluids. 
A)  decrease the hematocrit. 
B)  decrease ADH production. 
C)  increase the blood pressure. 
D)  increase the osmolality of body fluids. 
E)  decrease the osmolality of body fluids.

Question 2

Which of the following substances releases H+ into a solution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acids 
B)  Bases 
C)  Salts 
D)  Glucose 
E)  Water 
A)  Acids 
B)  Bases 
C)  Salts 
D)  Glucose 
E)  Water

Question 3

Decreased extracellular K+ levels cause

Accepted Answer

A)  cells to become more excitable. 
B)  hyperpolarization of plasma membranes. 
C)  more action potentials to be generated. 
D)  increased permeability of plasma membranes. 
E)  hypopolarization of plasma membranes. 
A)  cells to become more excitable. 
B)  hyperpolarization of plasma membranes. 
C)  more action potentials to be generated. 
D)  increased permeability of plasma membranes. 
E)  hypopolarization of plasma membranes.

Question 4

The predominant intracellular cation is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  K+ 
B)  Na+ 
C)  Ca2+ 
D)  Mg2+ 
E)  Cl− 
A)  K+ 
B)  Na+ 
C)  Ca2+ 
D)  Mg2+ 
E)  Cl−

Question 5

Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  increased secretion of H+. 
B)  decreased secretion of H+. 
C)  no change in secretion of H+. 
A)  increased secretion of H+. 
B)  decreased secretion of H+. 
C)  no change in secretion of H+.

Question 6

Which of the following terms does not belong with the other three?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acidosis 
B)  pH increases 
C)  H+ concentration increases 
D)  Carbonic acid levels increase 
E)  pH decreases 
A)  Acidosis 
B)  pH increases 
C)  H+ concentration increases 
D)  Carbonic acid levels increase 
E)  pH decreases

Question 7

Parathyroid hormone increases the activity of ________ in bone and increases the rate of Ca2+ ________ in the kidney tubules.

Accepted Answer

A)  osteoclast; reabsorption 
B)  osteoblast; reabsorption 
C)  osteocyte; reabsorption 
D)  osteocyte; secretion 
E)  osteoblast; secretion 
A)  osteoclast; reabsorption 
B)  osteoblast; reabsorption 
C)  osteocyte; reabsorption 
D)  osteocyte; secretion 
E)  osteoblast; secretion

Question 8

The cation that plays a major role in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+ 
B)  K+ 
C)  Cl− 
D)  phosphate 
E)  H+ 
A)  Na+ 
B)  K+ 
C)  Cl− 
D)  phosphate 
E)  H+

Question 9

What roles does phosphate play in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is found in the salts of bone and teeth. 
B)  It is an important component of several macromolecules. 
C)  It affects neuromuscular activity. 
D)  It is part of an important intracellular buffer system. 
E)  It affects the action of the sodium-potassium pump. 
A)  It is found in the salts of bone and teeth. 
B)  It is an important component of several macromolecules. 
C)  It affects neuromuscular activity. 
D)  It is part of an important intracellular buffer system. 
E)  It affects the action of the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 10

Where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma 
B)  Intracellular fluid 
C)  Interstitial fluid 
D)  Lymph 
A)  Plasma 
B)  Intracellular fluid 
C)  Interstitial fluid 
D)  Lymph

Question 11

Acetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic that functions by blocking the activity of carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This slows the formation of carbonic acid, which slows H+ the formation in the cells and Na+ reabsorption at the tubule. This results in the diuretic effect. Select from the following list the possible side-effects of Azetazolamide.
(1) Acidosis
(2) Reduced movement of bicarbonate ion into the plasma
(3) An alkaline urine is produced
(4) Respiration increases

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 4 
B)  2, 3 
C)  1, 2, 3 
D)  2, 3, 4 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4 
A)  1, 4 
B)  2, 3 
C)  1, 2, 3 
D)  2, 3, 4 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4

Question 12

Which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Regulation of the pH of the intracellular environment. 
B)  Regulating pH changes of the blood during exercise. 
C)  Regulation of blood pH during elevated fat metabolism. 
D)  Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the respiratory system. 
E)  Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the kidneys. 
A)  Regulation of the pH of the intracellular environment. 
B)  Regulating pH changes of the blood during exercise. 
C)  Regulation of blood pH during elevated fat metabolism. 
D)  Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the respiratory system. 
E)  Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the kidneys.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus 
B)  Arterial baroreceptors 
C)  Juxtaglomerular apparatus 
D)  Mouth mucosa 
A)  Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus 
B)  Arterial baroreceptors 
C)  Juxtaglomerular apparatus 
D)  Mouth mucosa

Question 14

Parathyroid hormone affects the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bones, heart, and blood 
B)  kidney, liver, and spleen 
C)  intestine, kidneys, and bone 
D)  liver, stomach, and small intestine 
E)  stomach, pancreas, and bone 
A)  bones, heart, and blood 
B)  kidney, liver, and spleen 
C)  intestine, kidneys, and bone 
D)  liver, stomach, and small intestine 
E)  stomach, pancreas, and bone

Question 15

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  asphyxia 
B)  asthma 
C)  severe emphysema 
D)  hyperventilation 
E)  hypoventilation 
A)  asphyxia 
B)  asthma 
C)  severe emphysema 
D)  hyperventilation 
E)  hypoventilation

Question 16

Most of the Ca2+ in the body is in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bones 
B)  plasma 
C)  kidneys 
D)  GI tract 
E)  extracellular fluid 
A)  bones 
B)  plasma 
C)  kidneys 
D)  GI tract 
E)  extracellular fluid

Question 17

The major route of excretion for Na+ (under normal conditions) is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  skin 
B)  kidney 
C)  GI tract 
D)  adrenal cortex 
E)  sweat 
A)  skin 
B)  kidney 
C)  GI tract 
D)  adrenal cortex 
E)  sweat

Question 18

What is the main role of Mg2+ in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  Muscle contraction 
B)  Nerve impulse 
C)  Blood clotting 
D)  Cofactors for intracellular enzymes 
A)  Muscle contraction 
B)  Nerve impulse 
C)  Blood clotting 
D)  Cofactors for intracellular enzymes

Question 19

Which of the following would be expected to cause hyponatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  High intake of Na+ 
B)  Increased aldosterone production 
C)  Increased urine output 
D)  Decreased aldosterone production 
E)  Decreased ADH production 
A)  High intake of Na+ 
B)  Increased aldosterone production 
C)  Increased urine output 
D)  Decreased aldosterone production 
E)  Decreased ADH production

Question 20

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  vomiting 
B)  increased dietary intake 
C)  increased urinary output 
D)  cellular injury or death 
E)  diarrhea 
A)  vomiting 
B)  increased dietary intake 
C)  increased urinary output 
D)  cellular injury or death 
E)  diarrhea

Exam 27: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Loss of a large volume of sweat will

Which of the following substances releases H+ into a solution?

Decreased extracellular K+ levels cause

The predominant intracellular cation is ________.

Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to

Which of the following terms does not belong with the other three?

Parathyroid hormone increases the activity of ________ in bone and increases the rate of Ca2+ ________ in the kidney tubules.

The cation that plays a major role in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma is ________.

What roles does phosphate play in the body?

Where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found?

Which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system?

Which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation?

Parathyroid hormone affects the ________.

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of ________.

Most of the Ca2+ in the body is in the ________.

The major route of excretion for Na+ (under normal conditions) is the ________.

What is the main role of Mg2+ in the body?

Which of the following would be expected to cause hyponatremia?

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is ________.

The Human Organism

The Chemical Basis of Life

Cell Biology

Tissues

Integumentary System

Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy

Joint and Movement

Muscular System: Histology and Physiology

Muscular System: Gross Anatomy

Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Integration of Nervous System Functions

The Special Senses

Autonomic Nervous System

Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Cardiovascular System: Blood

Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

Filters

Which of the following substances releases H⁺ into a solution?

Decreased extracellular K⁺ levels cause

Parathyroid hormone increases the activity of in bone and increases the rate of Ca²⁺ in the kidney tubules.

Most of the Ca²⁺ in the body is in the ________.

The major route of excretion for Na⁺ (under normal conditions) is the ________.

What is the main role of Mg²⁺ in the body?