Question 1

The primary regulator of plasma Na+ concentration is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  renin 
B)  aldosterone 
C)  antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  atrial natriuretic hormone 
E)  insulin 
A)  renin 
B)  aldosterone 
C)  antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  atrial natriuretic hormone 
E)  insulin

Question 2

If the H+ concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by

Accepted Answer

A)  removing excess H+ from the plasma. 
B)  releasing H+ into the plasma. 
C)  dissociating into H+ and CO3−. 
D)  combining with Cl−. 
E)  combining with hemoglobin. 
A)  removing excess H+ from the plasma. 
B)  releasing H+ into the plasma. 
C)  dissociating into H+ and CO3−. 
D)  combining with Cl−. 
E)  combining with hemoglobin.

Question 3

Which characteristic of the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Presence of channels in the membrane 
B)  Presence of lipids in the membrane 
C)  Being selectively permeable 
D)  High Na+ concentration inside the cell 
A)  Presence of channels in the membrane 
B)  Presence of lipids in the membrane 
C)  Being selectively permeable 
D)  High Na+ concentration inside the cell

Question 4

Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating

Accepted Answer

A)  thirst. 
B)  vasodilatation. 
C)  water movement into the cells. 
D)  renal excretion of Na+. 
E)  ADH production. 
A)  thirst. 
B)  vasodilatation. 
C)  water movement into the cells. 
D)  renal excretion of Na+. 
E)  ADH production.

Question 5

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma 
B)  Interstitial compartment 
C)  Intracellular compartment 
D)  Extracellular compartment 
E)  Cytoplasm 
A)  Plasma 
B)  Interstitial compartment 
C)  Intracellular compartment 
D)  Extracellular compartment 
E)  Cytoplasm

Question 6

Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic acidosis 
B)  metabolic alkalosis 
C)  respiratory acidosis 
D)  respiratory alkalosis 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  metabolic acidosis 
B)  metabolic alkalosis 
C)  respiratory acidosis 
D)  respiratory alkalosis 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Which of the following will the body begin to do in order to compensate for hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vasoconstriction of blood vessels 
B)  Increase ADH secretion 
C)  Decrease aldosterone secretion 
D)  Increase the release of atrial natriuretic hormone 
E)  Increase aldosterone secretion 
A)  Vasoconstriction of blood vessels 
B)  Increase ADH secretion 
C)  Decrease aldosterone secretion 
D)  Increase the release of atrial natriuretic hormone 
E)  Increase aldosterone secretion

Question 8

Which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ammonia 
B)  Bicarbonate ions 
C)  Phosphate ions 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  Ammonia 
B)  Bicarbonate ions 
C)  Phosphate ions 
D)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Under normal conditions, most water loss from the body is through the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  skin 
B)  kidneys 
C)  lungs 
D)  GI tract 
E)  sweat 
A)  skin 
B)  kidneys 
C)  lungs 
D)  GI tract 
E)  sweat

Question 10

Chloride ions

Accepted Answer

A)  are cations. 
B)  are found only inside cells. 
C)  are part of the DNA molecule. 
D)  are regulated with Na+. 
E)  are not found in extracellular fluid. 
A)  are cations. 
B)  are found only inside cells. 
C)  are part of the DNA molecule. 
D)  are regulated with Na+. 
E)  are not found in extracellular fluid.

Question 11

Sensible perspiration

Accepted Answer

A)  contains only water. 
B)  is water lost through simple evaporation. 
C)  is secreted by the sweat glands. 
D)  is invisible on the skin. 
E)  is secreted by salivary glands. 
A)  contains only water. 
B)  is water lost through simple evaporation. 
C)  is secreted by the sweat glands. 
D)  is invisible on the skin. 
E)  is secreted by salivary glands.

Question 12

Which of the following statements concerning K+ is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  An increase in the extracellular K+ concentration leads to depolarization. 
B)  Potassium ions are secreted into the nephron by the distal convoluted tubule. 
C)  When aldosterone levels are high, K+ secretion is low. 
D)  Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by high blood levels of K+. 
E)  None of the choices are false. 
A)  An increase in the extracellular K+ concentration leads to depolarization. 
B)  Potassium ions are secreted into the nephron by the distal convoluted tubule. 
C)  When aldosterone levels are high, K+ secretion is low. 
D)  Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by high blood levels of K+. 
E)  None of the choices are false.

Question 13

The normal pH for blood plasma is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  7.00 
B)  7.25 - 7.35 
C)  7.35 - 7.45 
D)  7.45 - 7.55 
E)  6.80 - 7.20 
A)  7.00 
B)  7.25 - 7.35 
C)  7.35 - 7.45 
D)  7.45 - 7.55 
E)  6.80 - 7.20

Question 14

The sensation of thirst results from

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in the plasma volume. 
B)  hypertension (increased blood pressure). 
C)  stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus. 
D)  a decrease in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. 
E)  stimulation of baroreceptors. 
A)  an increase in the plasma volume. 
B)  hypertension (increased blood pressure). 
C)  stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus. 
D)  a decrease in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. 
E)  stimulation of baroreceptors.

Question 15

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

Accepted Answer

A)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion. 
B)  elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion. 
C)  the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased. 
D)  aldosterone levels increase. 
E)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion. 
A)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion. 
B)  elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion. 
C)  the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased. 
D)  aldosterone levels increase. 
E)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion.

Question 16

Atrial natriuretic hormone increases ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  urine volume. 
B)  ADH secretion. 
C)  aldosterone secretion. 
D)  the reabsorption of Na+. 
E)  blood volume. 
A)  urine volume. 
B)  ADH secretion. 
C)  aldosterone secretion. 
D)  the reabsorption of Na+. 
E)  blood volume.

Question 17

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperkalemia 
B)  hypercalcemia 
C)  hypernatremia 
D)  increased urine volume 
E)  hyponatremia 
A)  hyperkalemia 
B)  hypercalcemia 
C)  hypernatremia 
D)  increased urine volume 
E)  hyponatremia

Question 18

Wilma's plasma pH is 7.2. Which of the following indicates that the body is attempting to compensate and return the body pH to normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  An increase in respiration rate 
B)  A decrease in respiration rate 
C)  No change in respiration rate 
A)  An increase in respiration rate 
B)  A decrease in respiration rate 
C)  No change in respiration rate

Question 19

Robert has an enteropathogenic E. coli infection resulting in severe diarrhea for 2 days. This could produce which of the following:
(1) Acidosis
(2) Alkalosis
(3) Increased respiration
(4) Decreased respiration
(5) Increased ADH secretion
(6) Increased renin secretion
(7) Increased urine concentration

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 3, 5, 6, 7 
B)  2, 4, 5, 6, 7 
C)  1, 3, 6 
D)  2, 4, 5, 7 
E)  1, 4, 5, 7 
A)  1, 3, 5, 6, 7 
B)  2, 4, 5, 6, 7 
C)  1, 3, 6 
D)  2, 4, 5, 7 
E)  1, 4, 5, 7

Question 20

Calcium balance is influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH and parathyroid hormone levels. 
B)  ADH and aldosterone levels. 
C)  parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. 
D)  aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels. 
E)  insulin and glucagon. 
A)  ADH and parathyroid hormone levels. 
B)  ADH and aldosterone levels. 
C)  parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. 
D)  aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels. 
E)  insulin and glucagon.

Exam 27: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

The primary regulator of plasma Na+ concentration is ________.

If the H+ concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by

Which characteristic of the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water?

Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in ________.

Which of the following will the body begin to do in order to compensate for hyperkalemia?

Which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine?

Under normal conditions, most water loss from the body is through the ________.

Chloride ions

Sensible perspiration

Which of the following statements concerning K+ is false?

The normal pH for blood plasma is ________.

The sensation of thirst results from

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

Atrial natriuretic hormone increases ________.

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes ________.

Wilma's plasma pH is 7.2. Which of the following indicates that the body is attempting to compensate and return the body pH to normal?

Calcium balance is influenced by

The Human Organism

The Chemical Basis of Life

Cell Biology

Tissues

Integumentary System

Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy

Joint and Movement

Muscular System: Histology and Physiology

Muscular System: Gross Anatomy

Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Integration of Nervous System Functions

The Special Senses

Autonomic Nervous System

Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Cardiovascular System: Blood

Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

Filters

The primary regulator of plasma Na⁺ concentration is ________.

If the H⁺ concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by

Which of the following statements concerning K⁺ is false?