Question 1

Name the ion that commonly serves as a cofactor for intracellular enzymes, such as the sodium-potassium pump.

Accepted Answer

A)  Magnesium 
B)  Calcium 
C)  Hydrogen 
D)  Carbonate 
E)  Phosphate 
A)  Magnesium 
B)  Calcium 
C)  Hydrogen 
D)  Carbonate 
E)  Phosphate

Question 2

Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased urine output 
B)  An increased release of ADH 
C)  An increase in renin production 
D)  An increase in the secretion of aldosterone 
E)  A decreased release of ADH 
A)  Increased urine output 
B)  An increased release of ADH 
C)  An increase in renin production 
D)  An increase in the secretion of aldosterone 
E)  A decreased release of ADH

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bicarbonate buffer system 
B)  Phosphate buffer system 
C)  Protein buffer system 
D)  NaCl buffer system 
E)  Hemoglobin buffer 
A)  Bicarbonate buffer system 
B)  Phosphate buffer system 
C)  Protein buffer system 
D)  NaCl buffer system 
E)  Hemoglobin buffer

Question 4

Renin is released by the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs 
B)  kidney 
C)  spleen 
D)  liver 
E)  pancreas 
A)  lungs 
B)  kidney 
C)  spleen 
D)  liver 
E)  pancreas

Question 5

Calcitonin

Accepted Answer

A)  promotes the absorption of Ca2+ from the gastrointestinal tract. 
B)  promotes osteoclast activity in the bones. 
C)  reduces Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys. 
D)  reduces extracellular Ca2+ ion levels. 
E)  increases blood Ca2+ levels. 
A)  promotes the absorption of Ca2+ from the gastrointestinal tract. 
B)  promotes osteoclast activity in the bones. 
C)  reduces Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys. 
D)  reduces extracellular Ca2+ ion levels. 
E)  increases blood Ca2+ levels.

Question 6

The composition of extracellular fluid has little affect on intracellular fluid amounts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased secretion of Ca2+ by the kidney. 
B)  increased secretion of K+ by the kidney. 
C)  decreased reabsorption of Na+ by the kidney. 
D)  increased reabsorption of phosphate ions by the kidney. 
E)  decreased secretion of K+ by the kidney. 
A)  decreased secretion of Ca2+ by the kidney. 
B)  increased secretion of K+ by the kidney. 
C)  decreased reabsorption of Na+ by the kidney. 
D)  increased reabsorption of phosphate ions by the kidney. 
E)  decreased secretion of K+ by the kidney.

Question 8

Potassium levels in the body are regulated by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  PTH 
C)  calcitonin 
D)  aldosterone 
E)  insulin 
A)  ADH 
B)  PTH 
C)  calcitonin 
D)  aldosterone 
E)  insulin

Question 9

Which cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma membrane 
B)  Cell wall 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Ribosomes 
E)  Nucleus 
A)  Plasma membrane 
B)  Cell wall 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Ribosomes 
E)  Nucleus

Question 10

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Accepted Answer

A)  increases plasma osmolality. 
B)  is secreted by the anterior pituitary. 
C)  increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. 
D)  causes the production of a large volume of urine. 
E)  increases urine volume. 
A)  increases plasma osmolality. 
B)  is secreted by the anterior pituitary. 
C)  increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. 
D)  causes the production of a large volume of urine. 
E)  increases urine volume.

Question 11

pH

Accepted Answer

A)  increases with acidity. 
B)  is measured on a scale of 0 to 10. 
C)  is a measure of the H+ concentration. 
D)  reflects Na+ content of body fluids. 
E)  is not related to amounts of CO2 in the body. 
A)  increases with acidity. 
B)  is measured on a scale of 0 to 10. 
C)  is a measure of the H+ concentration. 
D)  reflects Na+ content of body fluids. 
E)  is not related to amounts of CO2 in the body.

Question 12

Which of the following events occurs last?

Accepted Answer

A)  Release of renin by the kidney 
B)  Release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex 
C)  Sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules 
D)  Angiotensinogen → angiotensin I 
E)  Angiotensin I → angiotensin II 
A)  Release of renin by the kidney 
B)  Release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex 
C)  Sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules 
D)  Angiotensinogen → angiotensin I 
E)  Angiotensin I → angiotensin II

Question 13

The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause

Accepted Answer

A)  water to move out of the cells. 
B)  water to move into the cells. 
C)  no change in the net movement of water into or out of the cells. 
A)  water to move out of the cells. 
B)  water to move into the cells. 
C)  no change in the net movement of water into or out of the cells.

Question 14

Serum electrolyte concentrations are most often expressed as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  mg % 
B)  mmHg 
C)  mg/dl 
D)  mEq/L 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  mg % 
B)  mmHg 
C)  mg/dl 
D)  mEq/L 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting?

Accepted Answer

A)  3-year-old male 
B)  15-year-old male 
C)  35-year-old male 
D)  35-year-old female 
E)  50-year-old male 
A)  3-year-old male 
B)  15-year-old male 
C)  35-year-old male 
D)  35-year-old female 
E)  50-year-old male

Question 16

Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  elevated K+ levels 
C)  excess water intake 
D)  elevated Na+ levels 
E)  low K+ levels 
A)  ADH 
B)  elevated K+ levels 
C)  excess water intake 
D)  elevated Na+ levels 
E)  low K+ levels

Question 17

Which organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of Na+? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Skin 
B)  Kidneys 
C)  Lungs 
D)  Liver 
A)  Skin 
B)  Kidneys 
C)  Lungs 
D)  Liver

Question 18

Calcium's roles in the body include

Accepted Answer

A)  bone health. 
B)  muscle contraction. 
C)  blood clotting. 
D)  action potentials in heart muscle. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  bone health. 
B)  muscle contraction. 
C)  blood clotting. 
D)  action potentials in heart muscle. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

In hypocalcemia,

Accepted Answer

A)  depolarization is prevented. 
B)  PTH production is reduced. 
C)  blood Ca2+ levels are increased. 
D)  neuromuscular excitability increases. 
E)  neuromuscular excitability decreases. 
A)  depolarization is prevented. 
B)  PTH production is reduced. 
C)  blood Ca2+ levels are increased. 
D)  neuromuscular excitability increases. 
E)  neuromuscular excitability decreases.

Question 20

Edema results when the amount of ________ fluid increases.

Accepted Answer

A)  interstitial 
B)  intracellular 
C)  plasma 
D)  cerebrospinal 
E)  synovial 
A)  interstitial 
B)  intracellular 
C)  plasma 
D)  cerebrospinal 
E)  synovial

Exam 27: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Name the ion that commonly serves as a cofactor for intracellular enzymes, such as the sodium-potassium pump.

Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L?

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body?

Renin is released by the ________.

Calcitonin

The composition of extracellular fluid has little affect on intracellular fluid amounts.

Oversecretion of aldosterone causes

Potassium levels in the body are regulated by ________.

Which cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

pH

Which of the following events occurs last?

The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause

Serum electrolyte concentrations are most often expressed as ________.

Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting?

Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by ________.

Which organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of Na+? (Check all that apply.)

Calcium's roles in the body include

In hypocalcemia,

Edema results when the amount of ________ fluid increases.

The Human Organism

The Chemical Basis of Life

Cell Biology

Tissues

Integumentary System

Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy

Joint and Movement

Muscular System: Histology and Physiology

Muscular System: Gross Anatomy

Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Integration of Nervous System Functions

The Special Senses

Autonomic Nervous System

Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Cardiovascular System: Blood

Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

Filters

Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na⁺ level of 152 mEq/L?

Which organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of Na⁺? (Check all that apply.)