Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: $\begin{array}{c} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\\ \begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \\ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \\ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \\ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \\ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$ SOURCE TABLE $\begin{array}{lcccccc} \text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\ \text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \\ \quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \\ & & & & & \\ \text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \\ \text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\\ \\ \text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29 \end{array}$ -Refer to Table 12-4. Confederate demeanor is a ______-subjects variable and time is a ______-subjects variable.

A) between; between B) within; within C) between; within D) within; between A) between; between B) within; within C) between; within D) within; between

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: $\begin{array}{c} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\\ \begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \\ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \\ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \\ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \\ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$ SOURCE TABLE $\begin{array}{lcccccc} \text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\ \text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \\ \quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \\ & & & & & \\ \text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \\ \quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \\ \text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\\ \\ \text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29 \end{array}$ -Refer to Table 12-2. Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the results?

A) In a 90-degree room, men and women administered the same number of shocks, but in a 70-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. B) In a 70-degree room, women administered more shocks than men, whereas in a 90-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. C) Men and women administered the same number of shocks when in a 70-degree room, but men administered more shocks than women in the 90-degree room. D) Men administered more shocks than women in both a 70-degree room and a 90-degree room. A) In a 90-degree room, men and women administered the same number of shocks, but in a 70-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. B) In a 70-degree room, women administered more shocks than men, whereas in a 90-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. C) Men and women administered the same number of shocks when in a 70-degree room, but men administered more shocks than women in the 90-degree room. D) Men administered more shocks than women in both a 70-degree room and a 90-degree room.

Exam 12: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task. TAELE OF MEANS: TONE INTENSITY LOUD SOFT ROW M Participant Female 516.70 834.50 675.60 Sex Male 528.80 763.80 646.30 COLUMN M 522.75 799.15 $\text { Pop. } M = 660.95$ SOURCE TAELE -What is the dependent variable?

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Question 201

Explain the difference between a 2 x 2 design, a 2 x 3 design, and a 2 x 2 x 2 design.

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Question 202

Example #2: A researcher takes a sample of 40 introverts and 40 extroverts and asks them to solve problems in either a crowded room or an uncrowded room. The researcher measures the number of problems solved (numbers can range from 0 problems solved to 25 problems solved). Crowded Roonl Uncrowded Roorn Introverts =12 =12 Extroverts =18 =18 -Name the dependent variable.

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Question 203

How does the principle of parsimony relate to practical considerations when choosing a factorial design?

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Question 204

Suppose instead, you obtained the following data: Marning Testing Afternoon Testing Older Adults =15 =15 Yourger Adults =19 = -Does there appear to be a main effect of time of day?

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Question 205

Suppose instead, you obtained the following data: Crowded Roonl Uncrowded Roorn Introverts =12 =18 Extroverts =18 =12 -Does there appear to be a main effect of room?

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Question 206

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED BEFORE EXPERIMENT AFTER EXPERIMENT ROW M Confederate Pleasant 11.10 13.30 12.20 Demeanor Unpleasant 10.60 3.50 7.05 COLUMN M 10.85 8.40 Pop. =9.63 SOURCE TABLE SOURCE SS df MS F p Between subjects effects Confederate Demeanor 265.23 1 3705.63 420.43 .000 Error 158.65 18 8.81 Within subjects effects Time 60.03 1 60.03 18.14 .000 Confederate x Time 216.23 1 216.23 65.69 .000 Error 59.25 18 3.29 -Refer to Table 12-4. Confederate demeanor is a -subjects variable and time is a -subjects variable.

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Question 207

In a factorial design, researchers use

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Question 208

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect). Table 12-4 TABLE OF MEANS: TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED BEFORE EXPERIMENT AFTER EXPERIMENT ROW M Confederate Pleasant 11.10 13.30 12.20 Demeanor Unpleasant 10.60 3.50 7.05 COLUMN M 10.85 8.40 Pop. =9.63 SOURCE TABLE SOURCE SS df MS F p Between subjects effects Confederate Demeanor 265.23 1 3705.63 420.43 .000 Error 158.65 18 8.81 Within subjects effects Time 60.03 1 60.03 18.14 .000 Confederate x Time 216.23 1 216.23 65.69 .000 Error 59.25 18 3.29 -Refer to Table 12-2. Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the results?

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Question 209

Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of a completely within-subjects factorial design using repeated measures?

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Question 210

In a 2 x 2 design, how many F ratios will we calculate?

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Question 211

Explain the difference between a 2 x 2 design, a 2 x 3 design, and a 2 x 2 x 2 design.

How does the principle of parsimony relate to practical considerations when choosing a factorial design?

Suppose instead, you obtained the following data: Marning Testing Afternoon Testing Older Adults =15 =15 Yourger Adults =19 = -Does there appear to be a main effect of time of day?

Suppose instead, you obtained the following data: Crowded Roonl Uncrowded Roorn Introverts =12 =18 Extroverts =18 =12 -Does there appear to be a main effect of room?

In a factorial design, researchers use

Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of a completely within-subjects factorial design using repeated measures?

In a 2 x 2 design, how many F ratios will we calculate?

Psychological Research and the Research Methods Course

Developing a Good Research Idea and Conducting an Ethical Project

Qualitative Research Methods

Nonexperimental Methods: Descriptive Methods, Correlational Studies, Ex Post Facto Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sampling, and Basic Research Strategies

Using the Scientific Method in Psychology

Conducting a Good Experiment I: Variables and Control

Conducting a Good Experiment Ii: Final Considerations, Unanticipated Influences, and Cross-Cultural Issues

Internal and External Validity

Using Statistics to Answer Questions

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Two Groups

Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Alternative Research Designs

Writing and Assembling an Apa-Format Research Report

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